GEA 3001

Study guide for First exam – Final Update 2/1

As you go over this study guide, don’t just find one word answers to the questions. Know how to answer the questions if they were asked in short answer (or even essay format). The point of this class is for you to think and articulate, not just memorize. Going back to the readings will likely be necessary to get complete answers.

Geography and/in/of/for/against Globalization

In what does three ways do geographers think spatially? Be able to explain what each of these ways entails? Especially know what scale is, and how scale varying matters?
What are the two main divisions of Geography?
When did globalization emerge as a concept? Who fueled its use? Is there universal agreement on the term’s usefulness? What do its two primitive/basic meanings entail?
Thoroughly explain four ways geography relates to globalization. (this is a good example of a question for which you need a very thorough answer).
What is geography’s connection to colonial methods of power?
What caused geographers to pay attention the global scale again in the 1970’s?
What are some technologies that contribute to time/space compression? More specifically, what do cargo containers, computers and communications allow? Are flows without geography (why or why not)?
What is difference between exclusion and polarization? What changed in the 1980’s? What is the difference between consumer and the public as the object of policy?
Do technologies only enable economic globalizations? Are local movements always good?
In what context did the term 3^rd World originally emerge?

Colonialism & The Making of a Global Scale

What is the general meaning, and two specific meanings of, the word “capital”?
How would describe the scale of the trade that went on before global trade that emerged under colonialism? What is the Silk Road? Trans-Saharan Trade? Intra-Polynesian trade?
What is colonialism?
Why didn’t Europeans expand earlier?
Explain in depth five reasons that motivated Europeans to take colonies and remake the world? (know well, combine lecture reasons with details from book)
Under cultural motives, what did Europeans think about their civilization?
Under economic motives, what were colonies supposed to do? How did European trade priorities change over the course of colonialism?
Under strategic reasons, explain why Britain had so many small colonies scattered throughout the world?
When were the first and second phases of colonialism? Who dominated each phase? Where were they centered? Why did each phase end?
What happened to the native populations of the Americas upon contact with Europeans?
Why did Europeans have to break the cycle of self-sufficient villages?
What happened to the population of North America shortly after contact with Europeans? Why?
What are the three broad types of colonial land holdings in Latin America? What was the result of this land holding pattern for the region’s economic future?
What techniques were pioneered on plantations that benefited Europeans later?
Why were slaves imported instead of using local labor? Did Europe have a prior trading relationship with Africa? Did slave trading exist previously in Africa? When did the trade peak?
What was the triangle trade?
Where did most raiding occur in Africa? How did power shift within Africa as result of the trade? Why did groups need arms and how did they get them? What was Wydah? Who controlled the trade in East Africa?
What were the leading destinations for slaves? How many people were captured? What fraction made it to their destination? What was the personal toll? What happened to the population of Africa? What three ways did the trade generate wealth for Europe?
What were the Opium Wars? What are treaty ports? Extraterritoriality?
Why did Europe get involved in the scramble for Africa in the 1880’s?
What was the Berlin Conference? How was the land eventually divided up? Who controlled most of Africa at the time of the conference? Were there Africans at the conference? What area did the French get and how did they rule? What area did the Brits get and how did they rule?
Who did most power in Africa lie with under colonialism? What other types of Europeans worked in the colonies, how did they live, and how were locals involved? What important perception was created by colonialism and why?
How did Europeans organize land politically? How did Europeans encourage people to think about themselves? Why did Europeans play favorites and what were results post-Independence?
How did the British divide their colonial land in Africa? What land was given to Europeans? What happened to the land given to locals as populations increased?
How was transport organized? Where did lines go? What is a primate city? What material factor hindered transportation between colonies?
What were the two settler models? How were locals forced into wage labor and why did they have to be forced?
In detail, why was Kenya chosen as a colony, what were the tasks involved in colonization (especially how was labor mobilized), and what were the results? (know well in narrative form)
What was notorious about the Belgian Congo? Did locals have any major role in government?
What is Apartheid? Who were the Zulus? Afrikaners?
What was special about Ethiopia?
As Japan got its act together, what became its national slogan? What made the Japanese population easy to marshal? What type of production were state funds used to advance? Where did the money come from?
What territories did Japan gain between 1895 and 1940? Why did the way Japan run its territories have the hallmarks of a colonial relationship?
What the effects of colonialism on government post independence in terms of effectiveness, access to international institutions and corruption? How did the end of colonialism impact those educated under it? What were the economic legacies? Health legacies? Stability?

Nationalism: One Nation, Under a Grove

What is nationalism? Is it naturally occurring? What do “imagined communities” and “the invention of tradition” have to do with it? Why is it geographical?
How is nationalism a gendered concept? What were the ideas of Johann Herder?
Why did nationalism emerge in the colonies? What are some forms it took after independence?
What is Diasporic Nationalism and what are some groups the term have been applied to?
Is nationalism going away? What are sub-state nations? What are some types?
What are institutions? What do they have to do with nationalism? What was the prominent institution for much of history? What are some institutions used to build nationalism and how do they do so (know a good answer to this)
What is the importance of education to nationalism? Welfare to nationalism? National political parties to nationalism? Cult of personality? (Note knowing 7,8,9,10,11 helps you answer 6)
How do the arts contribute to nationalism and what are the four types of support a government can provide the arts?
Why was there so much government controlled media post-independence? What unites people now instead of “news”?
What are some ways landscape gets used for nationalism and what are some pitfalls of making heritage spaces?
Do institutions necessarily unite people?
In what ways can sports encourage nationalist feeling? Why have barriers of race and class broken down in sports? Have they completely gone away? Were women always equally encouraged in sports?
Where did modern organized sport originate and how did it differ from earlier games? Who were earlier organized sports geared towards?
What were the first two working class sports? What type of legislative and institutional support did sports receive and why did it receive such support (think free time, space, discipline and spectators)?
How did the 1936, 1968 and 1972 Munich Olympics become proxy battles for Nationalist struggles? Why were the Olympics important to the Cold War? Why were Soviet Block countries successful?
What country is associated with distance running? Who provided money initially to help runners? Now?
What is the world’s most popular sporting event? Who introduced football to Brazil? Why did it catch on so quickly there and elsewhere? Who was the (or one of the first) global superstars? Why?

Development: Part 1 and Part 2

How does the location of the thinker often influence views on development?
What did colonizers think about development? What is the diffusionist view of development? What was identified as the problem of development?
What is Mercantilism? Capitalism? What does expanding geographically have to do with capitalism?
What did Adam Smith argue against and what is the invisible hand? What were Malthus’s writings about? What was Ricardo’s theory about specialization? Did Marx think capitalism was the only possible economic system? What did all these diverse thinkers have in common?
What was the Marshall Plan? Why did it work? Which U.S. President made development in the former colonies a priority? How did he think development would be accomplished?
What did Rostow think all countries would do in terms of development? What were his stages based on? Is comparative advantage connected to his theory? (Know well along with 1 and 2 in Development Part II, in the last update to the study guide)
What are Rostow’s 5 stages and what is society supposed to be like at each one?
How was Rostow put into practice (know overall, in terms of individual items, education)? What were Rostow followers optimistic about and how is this optimism tied to structural functional theories of society?
What are some problems with Rostow’s model? Within modernization models in general?
Explain why does it make sense under Neo-Classiscal model to trade and specialize?
What are some problems with the neo-classical school? How is neo-liberalism both different but similar to neo-Classical economics?
What was sustainable development a reaction to? Does it just include environment? How has it changed from 1970’s to 1980’s? Why would someone want to price all of the earth? Do many things go under the label sustainable? What is the basic idea? (know well, along with 13 in this section and 8 and 9 below)
In what ways has development often been experienced on the periphery, what do many periphery thinkers consider “underdevelopment” to be, and what is the difference between dependency theory and post-modern/post-colonial theory? (know well along with 12 above and 8 and 9 below)

Development: Part 3

What did Dual Theories acknowledge about free trade? Did they only think about what went on between countries?
What did the Economic Commission for Latin America argue about labor, primary product prices and exporting primary products?
What is Import Substitution Industrialization? What is its relationship to competitive advantage? How is it done? What was eliminating foreign competition supposed to do? Why didn’t it work most of the time?
What did Gunder Frank show about remote parts of Chile and Brazil? What was the effect of capitalism on these remote areas? Did he think this underdevelopment was necessary for capitalism?
What is World Systems Theory? What tiers of the economy are included? What does it get accused of ignoring and not explaining?
What is the problem with saying “a system demanded” something or that it will balance “automatically”?
Do all development critiques take the form of written theories? What is the at the core of most development critiques?
Who dominates the development project? What are some problems with that? What are some problems with focusing on only GDP growth in measuring development? (know well with 12 and 13 above, 9 this section)
Why are environmental movements so common? Why do women often lead them? What do urban movements want and how do they often end up solving their problems? (know well with 12 and 13 above, 8 this section)
What did Esther Bosrup and others begin acting to in the 1970’s? What was their critique called? Was it accepted? What were critiques of Women in Development?
What must any alternative to development as currently done include?

Trade

What was trade like under colonialism? Why did the U.S. not like that system? Why did the colonial trading system end?
What was the Cold War division? What is the difference between colonial scrambles for influence and the Post WWII one? What was Bretton Woods?
Was the UN the first trans-state organization? What are some examples of trans-state organizations not connected to the UN?
How is the UN divided? What is the Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice and the Secretary General? What are some of the focuses of UN sub-agencies?
What is the IMF? IRBD? World Bank? GATT? ILO?
What is the WTO and how is it different from GATT? Who does it help the most? How does the WTO voting structure differ from the IMF/World Bank?
What was the main policy of the IMF/World Bank beginning in the 1980’s? What was it at his heart and what problem did it have with government? How did it change social policy as well?
What was structural adjustment like in the 1980’s? 1990’s? Late 1990’s? What did Sachs argue in the 2000’s?
So what is Free Trade? When will it be efficient? How is this supposed to happen? What scale is usually talked about?
What did neo-classical economists argue that many found appealing? What is the problem with how comparative advantage was thought about Post WWII? What was the relationship between primary products and colonization? What does the example of textiles in India demonstrate? What do most theorists now recognize about competitive advantage?
What do protestors not like about these organizations? What has taken on increasing importance in the last few years as a result of pressure?
What type of groups have been getting more organized across borders in recent years? How is this organization occurring? What critiques are central to these movements? Do development workers learn?