Understand how arteries are named (the concept of toponymy) and know the location of the arteries listed in your handouts.
Understand the significance of collateral circulation.
Be able to classify all of the joints of the hindlimb as either fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial. For synovial joints do not classify further but understand what type of translations and rotations occur and what limits and/or prevents such movements (e.g., bony stops, ligaments, etc.). Potentially, every synovial joint has up to 3 axes of rotation and two axes of translation.
Know all of the muscles of the hindlimb and their innervation. Hint: Think about muscular compartments.
Know roughly the attachments of each muscle (how else can you identify it?); this will assist you in understanding its action (e.g., long head of biceps femoris arises from the ischial tuberosity and attaches to fibula; hence it crosses and acts on both the hip and knee joints). Understand that in order to act on a joint, the muscle must cross it.
Know what ventral rami contribute to the two nerve plexi of the hindlimb; know the major terminal nerves arising from these plexi (those listed in your handouts).
Know what bones form the pelvic girdle and which form the ox coxa.
Know the significance of the bony landmarks listed in your handout (e.g., iliac tubercle).
Know what vessels, nerves and muscles pass through the greater and lesser sciatic notches/foramina. Hint: Go to lab and observe!
Know what type of joint the sacro-iliac joint is, what movement occurs at the joint, and what limits its range of motion. Understand that gravity is the primary mover of this joint and the significance of its movement.
Know what type of joint the hip is and what limits or prevents its translations and rotations; understand why extension of the hip past the vertical is neither permitted nor desirable.
Know the primary action of all the muscles which cross the hip joint (section III-F of the handout) and their innervation.
Understand why "hamstrings" is an abattoirical rather than anatomical term (actually, I'll be happy if you know what abattoirical means).
Understand the location and significance of the iliotibial tract.
Know the borders and contents of the femoral triangle; know what forms the femoral sheath and the clinical significance of the femoral canal.
Know the origin and path of the femoral artery; know its major branches described in the handout (Section VI - A); know what vessel is the major blood supply to the head of femur.
Know the borders and contents of the adductor (subsartorial) canal.
Know which major vessels contribute branches to the arterial anastomoses of the hip.
Know the position of the two great superficial veins of the hindlimb and where the drain (terminate).
Know the significance of the bony landmarks listed in your handout (e.g., femoral trochlea). Understand the functional significance of genu valgus.
Understand how the patella increases the torque or moment (rotational force) of the quadriceps femoris.
Know what bones form the knee joint and their articular arrangement. Know what translations and rotations are possible at the knee and what limits these and prevents other types of movement; understand why extension of knee hip past the vertical is neither permitted nor desirable. Understand the significance of the menisci and the relation of each to the joint capsule. Know the position of the cruciate and collateral ligaments.
Know which muscles (and nerves) are responsible for flexion, extension, medial rotation and lateral rotation at the knee joint.
Know what the adductor canal is and what forms the adductor hiatus.
Know the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa and the origin of the popliteal vessels.
Know what major vessels contribute branches to the anastomoses of the knee joint.
Know the significance of the bony landmarks listed in your handout (e.g., medial malleolus).
Understand why it is not always necessary to cast fractures of the fibula.
Understand the functions of the crural (as opposed to antebrachial) interosseus membrane.
Know what type of joints the proximal and distal tibio-fibular joints are and understand why pronation/supination isn't necessary in the crus (as opposed to the antebrachium).
Know what bones form the talocrural (ankle) joint and their articular arrangement. Know what rotation is possible at the ankle understand what prevents other types of movement (rotational and translational). Know the names of the medial and lateral ligaments of the ankle joint and how they function. Understand why the talocrural joint is the most frequently injured joint and why the lateral ligaments are more frequently injured than the medial. Understand why it is necessary to expend energy (use muscles) to stand at the talocrural joint.
Know the major joints of the foot that are involved in inversion and eversion and what bones form them; hint: They do not include the talocrural joint.
Know how many sets of retinacula there are and the significance of retinacula in general.
Know the nerve and blood supply to each of the three muscular compartments of the crus and the identify of the muscles in each.
Know which muscles (and nerves) are responsible for dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and inversion/eversion. Understand why the superficial posterior muscles neither invert nor evert the foot.
Know what major vessels contribute branches to the anastomoses of the talocrural (ankle) joint.
Know what bones comprise the foot and their arrangement.
Understand the significance of the longitudinal arch of the foot and why the medial aspect of the arch is deeper than the lateral. Know the position and identity of the ligaments and aponeuroses which support the longitudinal arch. Know which intrinsic foot muscles can support the arch (i.e., which "dawgs" are barkin').
Know the intrinsic muscles of the foot and their innervation. Recall that the action of these muscles about the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints is what their name suggests (e.g., flexor hallucis brevis) and that the lumbricals and interossei act like the analogous muscles in the hand.
Know the difference between the hand and foot in the arrangement of the interossei muscles and contemplate the profound philosophical, political, sociological and moral implications of this difference.
Know the major arterial vessels of the foot.
Understand the concept of mechanical work and how muscles act to perform positive, negative and non-work.
Know what is meant by agonists, antagonists and synergists.
Understand how the force output of a muscle varies with its length (and hence joint position), i.e., understand the length-tension curve. Understand how to change a muscle's length/joint position to generate maximum force during work or non-work.
Understand how the force of a muscle varies with its velocity of shortening, i.e., understand the force-velocity curve.
Understand that it is the arrangement of sarcomeres in a muscle that determines force production, excursion and velocity; specifically sarcomeres arranged in parallel will increase force, whereas sarcomeres arranged in series will increase excursion and velocity.
Understand the functional significance of the three types of muscle fiber architecture: triangular, parallel and pinnate; understand the trade-off between pinnation and excursion.
Know what a machine is.
Understand how to increase the force output (Fo) of a lever system by changing the following variables: Force input (Fi), input lever (Li), output lever (Lo).
Understand how to increase the velocity output (Vo) of a lever system by changing the following variables: Velocity input (Vi), input lever (Li), output lever (Lo).
Demonstrate why you cannot simultaneously maximize both force output (Fo) and velocity output (Vo) in a lever system.
Know the two major types of vertebrate muscle fibers and at what type of activities they are best suited.
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