Reading Assignment: POHS Chapter 48 - Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion - pp. 1066-1084.

    You may wish to review the section on osmosis in Chapter 5 (pp. 108-9).

Self Quiz: 1-10

Applying Concepts: Optional

Reading Assignment: POHS Chapter 38 - Animal Hormones - pp. 832-856.

Self Quiz: 1-10

Applying Concepts: Optional

Lecture Outline - Excretory Systems (Ch. 48)

Concepts and definitions

	osmotic potential
	excretory systems
		functions
	mechanisms of excretory systems
		filtration
		secretion
		reabsorption
	
Protein and nucleic acid metabolism
	ammonotelic
	ureotelic
	uricotelic

Nephron
	vascular component
		glomerulus
			afferent and efferent arterioles
		peritubular capillaries
	tubular component
		Bowman's capsule
			podocytes
		renal tubules

Mammalian excretory system

	gross structure
		kidneys
			renal vessels
		ureters
		urinary bladder
		urethra

	kidney structure
		cortex
		medulla
			pyramids
		renal vessels

	functional regions of the renal tubules 
		Bowman's capsule 
		proximal convoluted tubules 
		loop of Henle distal 
		convoluted tubule 
		collecting duct

	urine formation
		filtration occurs at the glomerulus 
		reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule 
		loop of Henle as a counter-current multiplier system
		urine is concentrated during its passage through the collecting duct


Topics not covered in lecture for which you will he responsible:

	Invertebrate excretory systems - pp. 1070-1071
	Non-mammalian vertebrate excretory systems - pp. 1073-1075
	Control and regulation of kidney functions - pp. 1079-1082

Topics not covered in lecture for which you will not be responsible:

	Treating Kidney Failure - p. 1079

Lecture Outline - Endocrine Systems (Ch. 38)

Concepts and definitions

	Homeostasis maintained by 2 interconnected systems
		1)	nervous system - communicates via nerve impulses
		2)	endocrine system - communicates via hormones

	hormones	
		autocrine
		paracrine
		endocrine (sensu strictu)

	glands	
		exocrine
		endocrine

Mechanisms of hormone

	water soluble hormones
		receptors are membrane-bound proteins)
		act through secondary messenger systems
			CAMP, IP3, DAG
			significance:  signal amplification
		resulting biochemical cascade alters cell activity, either
			nuclear and/or cytoplasmic

	lipid-soluble hormones
		receptors in cell cytoplasm
		receptor/hormone complex acts as transcription factor

Human endocrine system

	hypophysis
		posterior hypophysis (neurohypophysis)
			vasopressin (ADH)
			oxytocin
		anterior hypophysis (adenohypophysis)
		tropic hormones
			somatotropins (growth hormones)
			adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
			thyroid-stimulate hormone (TSH)
			luteinizing hormone (LH)
			follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
		prolactin
		melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

	hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
		hypophyseal portal system

	thyroid gland
		thyroid hormones
		calcitonin

	parathyroid glands
		parathyroid hormone

	pancreas
		insulin
		glucagon
		somatostatin

	suprarenal (in humans; adrenal in others)
		medulla
			epinephrine
		cortex
			corticosteroids
				glucocorticoids
					cortisol
				mineralcorticoids
					aldosterone
				sex steroids

Topics not covered in lecture for which you will be responsible:

	Hormonal control of insect molting and development    pp. 836-837
	goiter - p. 844
	sex hormones - pp. 848-849