GENDER AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY

GENDER: notions “femininity”“masculinity:”not bio but soc dif—hair style, cloth, traits

1. ques:all soc assume part hum nature; tot flex or genetic boundaries for change?

2. Margaret Mead (1935) study of 3 New Guinea Tribes: show soc variation

a.Arapesh:2 sex fem:gentle,passive;agres/posses discour;=sex drive,2 childcare

b.Mundugumor: 2 masc,violent,agg; cannibals;fem dread preg,dislike nursing

c.Tchambuli: role revl;fem dom,no ornaments,maj providers; men nurture child

3. Fem >delicate men?: US laws restrict wgt; hvy burden fem job trad soc

a. Most Sub-Saharan Af: agric labor unsuitable men; husb on horse/fem foot

BIOLOGICAL DIFFERNCES:

1.aggression: > for men oth species, e.g. rhesus monkeys:@ all cultures.

can be affected by changes sex hormones. Suggest, no proof: >levels of in males part bio

2.Upper body strength: prob due >hormone testosterone in males

3.other:men taller, heavier,>musc;fem<vul disease;no dif IQ;fem verb,men quant

SEX-ROLE SOCIALIZATION IN FAMILY:

1. discipline:dads tend >rough boys >gentle girls; mom/dad speak >soft girls

2. Tomboys: way girls show fondness for >prestige male role (Martin 1990)

3. early dev gender identity: children have dev by age 3

SEX-ROLE SOCIALIZATON IN SCHOOLS:

1.author/dom over fem: see by child;most element teach fem v. principals male

2.bias bsooks: fem show<men (1/3 illustrations fem);show <brave,adventurous

a. psych texts: show men as therapists,fem=clients/victims mental illness

3.fem student elf-esteem not lowered: by sexist treatment in schools

SEX-ROLE SOCIALIZATION IN MEDIA:

1. TV: Last three decades, only 1/5 characters are female

SEX-ROLE INEQUALITY:

1. EDUC: bef 1832, fem no allow attend col w/men

2. %college: enroll: m/f 60/40(1960), 44/56(2000);2000-fem 57%BA,58%MA;

41% PhD;fem<likely complete doctorate when enter program;

3. LF: <20% 1900,@ 1 of 2 workers 2000;avg fem grad earn =male dropout

a.Pink-collar: >90% typists,nurses,housekeepers women; work devalue

b.<threatening fem promoted:by male supervise to mid-manage;deadend

4. pay gap: fem/male earn: 73% (2000)

a. ½ due fems in <paying jobs;1/2 due discrim&child penalty(miss work care)

i. fem turnover manage pos:3X > men;take maternity leave, no return

5. occupation: 5 of Fortune 500 top corps have fem CEOs (Hehir 2001)

a. military: 11% fem; Clinton open some combat pos to fems; aid career

6. conversation:Zimmerman&West (1974) turn-take;overlaps 100%,interups 96%

FUNCTIONALIST EXPLATION: highly functional in pre-indust soc;>efficient D of L

1. Parsons & Bales (1953): still functional:

a. Instrumental role: rel b/ fam & outside world; dominant,competent

b. Expressive role: within fam; love,support bld fam;nurturant,passive

CONFLICT EXPLATION: (Randall Collins 1971) men use power,ideology keep priv