I.A
stimulus predating movement: WWII
A.
Segregated military until July 1948
B.Pres.
Truman’s Executive Order 9981 forbids discrimination/segregation in military
C.
Inconsistency: blacks fight German bigotry but then come home to segregation
II.Two
Major Tactics of Civil Rights Movement
A.
Nonviolent Direct Action: sometimes involves illegal, although nonviolent,
protest
B.
Legal strategy: challenging constitutional status of segregation in the
courts
III.A.
Philip Randolph threatens march of 100,000 on Washington, D.C. in 1941
A.
Example of nonviolent direct action, modeled on Ghandi’s approach in India
B.
To prevent, Roosevelt’s executive order prohibits discrimination in defense
plants
IV.Congress
of Racial Equality or CORE (founded 1942)
A.
Organizes lunch counter sit-ins and, starting in 1947, freedom rides
B.
Another example of nonviolent direct action
V.NAACP’s
Thurgood Marshall wins in Smith v. Allwright
(1944)
A.Supreme
rules that whites primaries are unconstitutional--example of legal strategy
VII.Brown
v. the Board of Education (1954)
A.
Chief Justice Earl Warren concludes separate education facilities are inherently
unequal
VIII.Montgomery
Bus Boycott lead by Martin Luther King
A.
Rosa Parks refuses to yield seat to white passenger on 12/1/55
B.
Objective: end discourtesies to blacks, hire black bus drivers, end segregated
seating
C.
King projected into national spotlight as American Ghandi
IX.President
Eisenhower dispatches federal troops to Little Rock Arkansas, 1957
A.
Governor Orval Faubus orders National Guard to keep 9 blacks from Central
High
B.1000
troops dispatched in state-federal confrontation
X.James
Meredith Attempts to enroll at University of Mississippi (1962)
A.
Governor Ross Barnett asks statewide television audience to resist federal
policy
B.
Several hundred federal marshals and troops ensure compliance
XI.Southern
Christian Leadership Conference fights segregation in Birmingham (1963)
A.
Often considered most segregated city in U.S.
B.
Segregation of hotels and restaurants did not violate federal law
C.
King defies court order and continues protest--involves breaking law
D.Violent
response of white power structure to nonviolent protest:
1.
Bull Connor’s police use dogs, beatings, fire hoses (100 lbs/ sq. inch)
XII.SCLC
March from Selma to Montgomery to protest voting restrictions (1965)
A.Peaceful
marchers in prayer attacked by police using billy clubs on Pettus Bridge
B.
Skull of John Lewis (a leader of SNCC) fractured
C.
Later, 3 white pastors who joined demonstration attacked and James Peeb
dies
D.
Viola Liuzo, Detroit housewife who aided marchers, shot to death
E.Helped
pave path for Voting Rights Act of 1965