Japanese
I. Cultural
A.
Low for issei (1st gen), higher for Nisei (2nd gen), highest for Sansei
(3rd)
1.Issei
retain Buddhism, pass down language, have traditional values
2.Sansei
& Yonsei (4th)--high degree cultural assimilation by substitution
II. Secondary
A.
Organizational: majority of Sansei and Nisei belonging to groups
name
a non-Japanese organization as their favorite
B.
Residential:as income/educ rise,more likely to be integrated (spatial assim)
1.
Average (mean) dissimilarity index: 46.
C.
Occupational: quite a bit among Sansei--prominent entrepreneurs
D.
Income: median family $ over $10,000 above that for Anglos
III.Primary: most
Nisei/Sansei report at least 1 of closest friends not Japanese
IV.Marital:
Sansei as likely to marry outside the group as within it
Blacks
I. Cultural:
high although not identical to middle class Anglo
II.Secondary
A.
Net worth: median net worth black household 1/10 that of white household
B.
Residential: dissimilarity index drops from 86 (1960) to 64-69 (1990)
1.
20 points above average score for Asians and Hispanics
C.
Occupational: 1940-1980, occupational dissimilarity fell from 43 to 24
D.
Income: 1989, black families get 62 cents for each $1 for white families
E.
Unemployment:black rate double or more white rate;after 1970s,gap grows
F.
Education:near parity with whites for illiteracy,school enrollment,drop
outs
1.Yet
whites twice as likely get advanced degree; higher % grad college
III. Primary:Hallinan
& Williams(1989):few hundred cross-race friends per million
IV. Marital:
1% exogamy rate for black females 1st marriage; bit higher for males
A.
Black-white intermarriage nearly doubled in the 1980s and 1990s
B.
2/3 of whites disapprove of racial intermarriage (GSS 1991), 1/5 of blacks
Explanations/Theories
1. Cultural view:
Japanese traditional values compatible with middle class culture
a.
Family/community organization forge conformity conducive to achievement
2. Middleman Minority
Theory: Bonacich 1973:soujourners
work hard,take risks
3. Ethnic Enclave:
forged by cultural and physical capital of top layers of society
1.
Versus truncated middleman minority (Butler): segregation cuts off blacks
2.
Versus selective mobility (WJ Wilson): black middle class escapes ghetto