(35) 1. GARAMPI, Giuseppe (1725-1792)
Birth. October 29, 1725, Rimini. Second son of Count Lorenzo Garampi and Marchioness Diamante Belmonti.
Education. Initial studies at the school of Iano Planco, Rimni; in 1732, he went to Florence and then to Modena, where he met Ludovico A. Muratori, and where he was named vice-custodian of the Gambalunghiana Library; there he started studying ancient codices; returned to Rimini in 1745 and, shortly after, he went to Rome; Pope Clement XIV granted him a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, by papal brief, January 16, 1772.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 31, 1749. Prefect of the Secret Vatican Archive, 1751; and of the archives of Castle Sant'Angelo, Rome, 1759. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness. Secretario of the Secret Cipher. A recognized scholar, he undertook the systematic listing of the extensive holdings of both archives and produced a 124-volume index that is still fundamental for archival research. With notable Eurpean scholars worked on the 22-volume Orbis christianus, a history of all the dioceses of the Catholic Church which unfortunately remained unfinished and unpublished. Papal representative at the Augsburg Congress, 1761, for the conclusion of the Seven Year War. Papal representative to the coronation of Emperor Joseph II of Austria, Frankfurt/Mainz, 1764.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Beirut, January 27, 1772. Consecrated, February 9, 1772, Rome, by Cardinal Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicino. Nuncio in Poland, March 20, 1772. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, April 19, 1772. Nuncio in Austria and in Hungary and Bohemia, March 16, 1776. Transferred to the see of Montefiascone e Corneto, with personal title of archbishop, May 20, 1776.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, April 3, 1786.
Death. May 4, 1792, Rome. Exposed and buried in the church of S. Apollinare, Rome, where the funeral also took place. Transferred and buried definitively in his title, November 16, 1792. He left the nucleus of his personal collection, 86 codices and 27 incunabuli, to the Gambalunghiana Library.
Bibliography. Dell' Orte, Umberto; Metzler, Josef. La Nunziatura a Vienna di Giuseppe Garampi 1776-1785. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995. (Collectanea Archivi Vaticani ; 39; Variation: Collectanea Archivi Vaticani ; 39); Garampi, Giuseppe. Viaggio in Germania, Baviera, Svizzera, Olanda e Francia, compiuto negli anni 1761-1763 : diario del cardinale Giuseppe Garampi.. Edited by Gregorio Palmieri. Roma : Tip. vaticana, 1889; Squicciarini, Donato. Nunzi apostolici a Vienna. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 197-201; Vanysacker, Dries. Cardinal Giuseppe Garampi, 1725-1792 : an enlightened ultramontane. Bruxelles : Institut historique belge de Rome ; Turnhout : Brepols Publishers [distributor], 1995. (Bibliothèque / Institut historique belge de Rome,; Bibliotheek / Belgisch Historisch Instituut te Rome ; 33; Variation: Bibliothèque de l'Institut historique belge de Rome ; fasc. 33); Vanysacker, Dries. The Garampi correspondence : a chronological list of the private correspondence of Cardinal Giuseppe Garampi (1741-1792). Leuven : Bibliotheek van de Faculteit Godgeleerdheid, 1997. (Instrumenta theologica ; 19; Variation: Instrumenta theologica ; 19).
Links. Biography by Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon; biography by M. Caffiero, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani; his engraving and biography, in English, Vatican Archives; Giuseppe Garampi, tra i Grandi della politica from Lumi di Romagna", pp. 26-33, in Italian, Riministoria, Antonio Montanari, Rimini; brief biographical data, in Italian, Comune di Rimini; and his tomb in Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Rome, Australian National University.
(36) 2. DORIA PAMPHILJ, Giuseppe Maria (1751-1816)
Birth. November 11, 1751, Genoa. Of the noble family of the dukes of Melfi. Third son of Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria Pamphilj Landi and Eleonora Carafa della Stadera. Brother of Cardinal Antonio Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785), and uncle of Cardinal Giorgio Doria Pamphilj (1816). Other cardinals of the Doria family were Girolamo Doria (1529); Giovanni Doria (1604); Giorgio Doria (1743); and Sinibaldo Doria (1731). Related to Pope Innocent X. Other cardinals of the Pamphilj family were Girolamo Pamphilj (1604); Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj (1644); and Benedetto Pamphilj, O.S.Io.Hieros. (1681).
Education. Jesuit Collegio de' Nobili, Rome; Somaschian Collegio Clementino, May 1767; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, May 1771).
Early life. He devoted himself to the ecclesiastical state at a young age. Went to Rome with his family in May 1761 and pursued his studies in that city together with his brother Antonio Giuseppe. Received the ecclesiastical tonsure on April 21, 1768 and the benefice of the Abbey of S. Fruttuoso from his brother. Honorary chamberlain of Pope Clement XIV, 1771. Entered the Roman prelature as protonotary apostolic participantium, and later as named referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace on June 27, 1771. Received the insignias of the clerical character, April 21, 1768; minor orders, July 2, 1773; subdiaconate, July 4, 1773; diaconate, July 11, 1773. Ablegato to Madrid to bring the fasce sacre to the Prince of Asturias, son of King Carlos III of Spain; he remained in the court from December 1772 until October 1773.
Priesthood. Ordained, July 18, 1773.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Seleucia, February 27, 1773. Consecrated, August 22, 1773, in the collegiate church of San Ildefonso at the royal residence at La Granja, Segovia, Spain, by Cardinal Buenaventura de Córdoba Espínola de la Cerda, titular archbishop of Neocesarea and patriarch of the West Indies, assisted by Manuel Ferrer y Figueredo, titular archbishop of Edessa in Osrhoëne, and by Joaquín Eleta, titular archbishop of Tebe. Nuncio in France, September 6, 1773; remained in the post until his promotion to the cardinalate. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, September 8, 1773.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on April 7, 1785; and the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli, April 11, 1785. Legate in Urbino for a triennium, December 19, 1785; his legation was extended until March 1794. Secretary of State, March 16, 1797; he exercised the post in practice until the French occupation of Rome on February 17, 1798; in principle, he was secretary until the death of the pope on August 29, 1799. Prefect of the Sacred Consulta, of the S.C. of Loreto, and member of the S.C. of the Holy Office before April 1, 1797. Arrested by the French authorities on March 8, 1798, he was imprisoned in the convent of the Convertites; later, in Civitavecchia; and finally, he was expelled from the territory of the Roman Republic. Accompanied Pope Pius VI to Sienna on April 13, 1798, the exile decreed by Napoléon; he then went to Genoa. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Entered Rome with the new Pope Pius VII on July 3, 1800. Secretary of Memorandums, August 11, 1800. Named pro-secretary of State during the brief absence of Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, who went to Paris for the negotiations of the concordat from June 6 to July 31, 1801. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, November 13, 1801; occupied the post until his expulsion from Rome by the French in the Spring of 1808. Named protector of the Order of the Servants of Mary before April 3, 1802; and of the Order of St. Francis on May 4, 1802. Opted for the title of S. Cecilia, September 20, 1802. Opted for the order of bishops and the suburbicarian see of Frascati, retaining in commendam the title of S. Cecilia, September 26, 1803. Pro-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, November 10, 1801 to May 19, 1814. After the occupation of Rome by the French troops of General Miollis on February 2, 1808 and the resignation of the Cardinal Secretary of State Filippo Casoni, he was named again pro-secretary of State in the first days of February 1808; a short time later, on March 23, 1808, he was one of the fourteen cardinals expelled from Rome by the French; he went to Parma and then to Genoa and Pegli; transferred to Paris by order of Napoléon I Bonaparte in September 1809; he attended the wedding of Napoléon and Marie-Louise of Austria in Paris on April 2, 1810; all the eleven cardinals who assisted were called "red cardinals". In 1811, he was designated by Napoléon, as sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, to be part of a group of five cardinals sent to Savone to obtain from Pope Pius VII, who was a prisoner in that city, the approval of the decisions of a national council celebrated in Paris from September 3 to 20, 1811. In 1813, Napoléon made him intermediary to negotiate the Concordat of Fontainbleau. Opted for the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina, retaining the title of S. Cecilia in commendam, and officially recognized as sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, September 26, 1814.
Death. February 10, 1816, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, where the funeral took place; and buried in the church of S. Cecilia, Rome.
Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 371-372; Del Re, Niccolò. La Curia romana : lineamenti storico giuridici. 4th ed. aggiornata ed accresciuta. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, p. 90; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 34, 48 and 374; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 38, 39 and 40.
Links. Biography, in Italian, diocese of Frascati; his episcopal lineage by Charles N. Bransom, Jr., in English, Apostolic Succcession in the Roman Catholic Church; his portrait by Vincenzo Milione, convent of S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome, iccd immagini, Fototeca Nazionale; another portrait, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome, iccd immagini, Fototeca Nazionale; and his tombstone in the basilica of S. Cecilia, Rome, iccd immagini, Fototeca Nazionale.
(37) 3. RANUZZI, Vincenzo (1726-1800)
Birth. October 1, 1726, Bologna.
Education. Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome, 1746; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, April 5, 1753).
Priesthood. Ordained, April 5, 1760. Referendary of both Signatures. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. Relator of the Sacred Consulta.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tiro, September 11, 1775. Consecrated, September 17, 1775, church of S. Agnese fuori le mura, Rome, by Cardinal Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze, assisted by Nicolo Saverio Santamaria, titular bishop of Cirene, and by Giuseppe Aluffi, bishop of Bagnoregio. Nuncio in Venice, September 18, 1775. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, September 22, 1775. Nuncio in Portugal, February 26, 1782.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria sopra Minerva, September 28, 1787. Transferred to the see of Ancona e Umana, with personal title of archbishop, February 14, 1785. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII.
Death. October 27, 1800, Ancona. Exposed and buried in Ancona.
(38) 4. COLONNA DI STIGLIANO, Nicola (1730-1796)
Birth. July 15, 1730, Naples.
Education. La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, April 13, 1752).
Early life. Relator of the Sacred Consulta. Vice-legate in Ferrara, 1754. Praeses of the clerics of the Apostolic Chamber. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber. Prefect of the archives and vicar of Collegio di San Lorenzo in Damaso, Rome. Primicerius and economous of the Neapolitan Royal Church of the Holy Spirit, Rome. Received the subdiaconate, April 6, 1776; diaconate, April 8, 1776.
Priesthood. Ordained, April 9, 1776.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Sebastea, May 20, 1776. Consecrated, May 28, 1776, cathedral of Frascati, by Cardinal Henry Benedict Mary Stuart, bishop of Frascati, duke of York, assisted by Orazio Mattei, titular archbishop of Colosso, and by Stefano Evodio Assemani, titular archbishop of Apamea. Nuncio in Spain, June 7, 1776.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, July 24, 1786. Legate in Romandiola for a triennium, July 24, 1786; legation renewed for another triennium, July 10, 1789.
Death. March 30, 1796, Savignano. Buried, temporarily, in Collegio di Savignano.
Link. His genealogy, C4.
(39) 5. CHIARAMONTI, O.S.B.Cas., Gregorio Barnaba (1742-1823)
Birth. August 14, 1742, Cesena. Son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti and Countess Giovanna Coronati Ghini.
Education. Collegio dei Nobili, Ravenna. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict, Montecassino, at the monastery of Santa Maria del Monte, near Cesena, October 2, 1756, under the guidance of Dom Gregorio Caldarera; received the religious habit and took the name Gregory, October 10, 1756; pronounced his vows, August 20, 1758. From 1758 to 1766, studied theology in Cesena; monastery of S. Giustine, Padua, until 1763; and Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained, September 21, 1765. Lector of theology, Benedictine monastery of S. Giovanni Evangelista, Parma, from 1766; monastery of Sant'Anselmo, Rome, 1772-1781. Abbot of the monastery of Santa Maria del Monte, Cesena. Abbot of the monastery of Santa Maria, Castrobono. Confessor of Pope Pius VI since 1773. Prior of the abbey of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome; the pope gave him the title of abbot in 1782.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Tivoli, December 16, 1782. Consecrated, December 21, 1782, church of S. Ambrogio, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada, assisted by Giuseppe Maria Contesini, titular archbishop of Atena, and by Girolamo Volpi, titular archbishop of Neocesarea. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, December 22, 1782.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat and the title of S. Callisto, June 27, 1785. Transferred to the see of Imola, February 14, 1785. In 1797 when the French invaded northern Italy, he asked the faithful not to uselessly resist their overwhelming force. In 1797, he advocated submission to the Cisalpine Republic indicating that there was no opposition between a democratic form of government and the constitution of the Catholic Church. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, and was elected pope.
Papacy. Elected pope, March 14, 1800, Venice; took the name Pius VII. Crowned, March 21, 1800, Venice, by Cardinal Antonio Maria Doria Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria ad Martyres. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese of Imola, March 8, 1816.
Death. August 20, 1823, Rome. Exposed and buried, on August 25, 1823, in the patriarchal Vatican basilica.
Beatification. On August 15, 2007, the Holy See communicated to the diocese of Savona-Noli that Pope Benedict XVI had declared "nihil ostare" (nothing against) for the cause of beatification of Pope Pius VII, thus opening the diocesan process for this pope's beatification.
Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. "Pio VII." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, III, 509-525.
Links. Biography, in English; portrait and biography, in English, (Britannica); biography by Philippe Boutry, in Italian; Enciclopedia dei papai, Treccani; his episcopal lineage, in English; portrait, arms and biographical information, in English; images and biography, in Italian; his portrait by Louis David; his bust by Anotnio Canova and sepulchral monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen, patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome; Mons. Calcagno impegnato nella causa di beatificazione di Pio VII, in Italian, diocese of Savona; Via libera alla causa di beatificazione di Pio VII, in Italian, diocese of Savona; Via libera alla causa di beatificazione di Pio VII, in Italian, diocese of Imola.
(40) 6. GALLO, Muzio (1721-1801)
Birth. April 15, 1721, Osimo.
Education. Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, 1743; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law).
Early life. Ecclesiastical governor of the city-state of Osimo. Secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Secretary of the SS.CC. Consistorial and Rites. Secretary of the Sacred Consulta. Protonotary apostolic honorary. Received the diaconate, September 22, 1770.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the title of S. Anastasia, April 11, 1785.
Episcopate. Elected bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella, February 14, 1785. Consecrated, April 17, 1785, Rome, by Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada. Did not participate in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII.
Death. December 13, 1801, at 10 a.m., Viterbo. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Viterbo.
(41) 7. DE GREGORIO, Giovanni (1729-1791)
Birth. January 20, 1729, Messina, Sicily. Of a noble family; dukes of Tremestieri in 1648. Son of Leopoldo de Gregorio, marquis of Squillace and prince of S. Elia, minister and secretary of State of the Two Sicilies, and his first wife, Giuseppa Mauro Grimaldi. Half-brother on his father's side of Cardinal Emmanuele de Gregorio (1816). His last name is also listed as Gregorij and Gregorj.
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Abbreviatore di parco maggiore. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, August 3, 1747. Governor of Rieti, December 4, 1748. Governor of Fano, July 3, 1751. Relator of the S.C. of the Sacred Consulta, October 1754. Archimandrite commendatario of S. Salvatore di Messina from July 1757 until his death. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, July 1766. President of the Zecca, January 1767. President of the Grascia, May 1776. Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber, June 1778.
Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the title of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, April 11, 1785. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 30, 1789 until March 29, 1790.
Death. July 11, 1791, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral also took place.
Bibliography. Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 34-35 and 49; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 237, 346 and 619.
Link. His tomb in the church of SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio, Rome.
(42) 8. RIMINALDI, Giovanni Maria (1718-1789)
Birth. October 4, 1718, Ferrara. Of a patrician family.
Education. Collegio di San Carlo, Modena, 1732. Studied law in Rome.
Priesthood. Ordained (no information found). Entered the Roman prelature. Auditor of the cardinal camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, 1760; later, dean. Vicar of Cardinal Giovanni Costanzio Caracciolo in his deaconry of S. Eustachio. Primicerius of the archconfraternity and hospital of S. Rocco, Rome. President of the Pontifical University of Ferrara; later, he donated his rich library to the university.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the title of S. Maria del Popolo, April 11, 1785. Opted for the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, January 29, 1789. Prefect of the S.C. of the Discipline of Regulars.
Death. While vacationing in the convent of S. Maria degli Angeli, near Assisi, he caught a bad cold which caused an apoplexy. Transferred to Perugia, he died on October 12, 1789, in the house de' Signori della Missione. Exposed and buried temporarily, in the cathedral of Perugia.
Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 301-303.
(43) 9. MASSEI, Paolo (1712-1785)
Birth. September 30, 1712, Montepulciano. The Massei family was related to the Bellarmini. Son of Arcangiolo Massei and Francesca Pecci, a noble from Siena. His baptismal name was Paolo Girolamo. Nephew of Cardinal Bartolomeo Massei (1730)
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. Referendary of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature, June 21, 1742. Governor of Ancona, April 7, 1744. Governor of Civitavecchia, November 3, 1749. Governor of Frosinone and Campagna e Marittima, June 19, 1751. Governor of Viterbo, December 22, 1753. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Coadjutor of Msgr. Casoni, cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, January 1758; his successor at his death, March 1759. President of the Zecca, November 1761, President of the Strade, July 1766. Dean of the Clerics of the Apostolic Chamber, 1775. Commissary delle Armi, June 1778.
Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the title of S. Agostino, April 11, 1785.
Death. June 9, 1785, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral also took place.
Bibliography. Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 35 and 42; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 597; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7) pp. 118, 184, 220, 434 and 768; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3; Variation: Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31), II, 524, no. 775.
(44) 10. CARRARA, Francesco (1716-1793)
Birth. November 1, 1716, Ghisalba, a few kilometers from Bergamo (1). From a noble and conspicuous family. Son of Count Carlo Carrara and Ana Maria Passi. His brother Giacomo was the founder of Accademia Carrara of Bergamo.
Education. Initial studies in letters and philosophy at the Jesuit Collegio della Misericordia, Bergamo; then, he attended the University of Padua, where he obtained a doctorate in law; finally, he went to Collegio Cerasoli, in Rome, recently opened, to study theology; besides, he attended the Università degli studi, Rome; he also studied ecclesiastical history and Greek language and literature.
Early life. He stayed in Rome, probably incited by Monsignor Giuseppe Alessandro Furietti, protector of the young students from Bergamo, and entered the Roman prelature. Referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, 1745 (2). Auditor of the nunciature in Florence. Domestic prelate of His Holiness. In 1749, he pronounced, in the patriarchal Vatican basilica, the discourse De apostolica Sancti Petri cathedra (Romae 1749) in honor of Pope Benedict XIV. Named prelate of the S.C. of the Fabric of St. Peter's, March 1756; occupied the post until 1780. In 1757, he was named prelate adjunct in the S.C. of the Tridentine Council for the reception and examination of the relations of the state of their churches that abbots and ordinaries submit when they realize the ad limina visit. In 1758, he pronounced in Campidoglio the oration Delle lodi delle belle arti (Roma 1758), in which he manifested his predilection for the pure faith of the first Christians. Civil auditor of the auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber, September 1759 to 1767. Auditor of the Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice, November 1762; and civil lieutenant and judge of the same tribunal, 1768 to 1770 . Commendatario of Ss. Filippo e Giacomo di Bergamo, February 1764. Consultor of the S.C. of the Index and examinator of Sacred Canons until the end of 1780. Second civil lieutenant of the auditor of the Apostolic Chamber, October 1767. Secretary of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council, April 1775.
Sacred orders. Received the subdiaconate, March 23, 1776. In 1779, he presented to the pope his dissertation on La caduta del Velino nella Nera (Roma 1779).
Priesthood. Ordained (no further information found).
Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni, April 11, 1785. Ascribed to the SS. CC. of the Tridentine Council, Propaganda Fide, Bishops and Regulars, and Index. Protector of the Bergamese church and nation in Rome; and of the hospitals of Narni, Perugia, Viterbo and Spoleto. He was a man of intransigent orthodoxy and decisive anti-Jansenism. In 1789, he was among the cardinals named by the pope to supervise the work of the congregation which examined the Acts of the Synod of Pistoia (3). Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 29, 1790 until April 11, 1791. Opted for the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, April 11, 1791. He was known for the simplicity of his life and customs and his concern and assistance to the poor.
Death. March 26, 1793, Rome. On April 2, his body was transferred to the church of S. Silvestro in Capite, Rome, where the funeral took place on April 3; buried in that same church after the funeral.
Bibliography. Dentella, Lorenzo. I vescovi di Bergamo. (Notizie storica). Bergamo : Editrice Sant'Alessandro, 1939, p. 438-440; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, X, 112-113; Notizie per l'anno MDCCXCI. In Roma MDCCXCI : Nella Stamperia Cracas, presso la fine del Corso, p. 62; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 35, 43, 49 and 56; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3; Variation: Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31), II, 520-521.
Link. Biography by F. Raco, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani.
(1) This is according to Dentella, I vescovi di Bergamo, p. 438; and his biography by Raco, linked above. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, X, 112, says that he was born on November 6, 1716. Notizie per l'anno MDCCXCI, p. 62, says that he was born on November 5, 1716. Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi, VI, 35, says that he died on March 26, 1793 and lived seventy six years, four months and twenty one days.
(2) This is according to his biography by Raco, linked above. Weber, Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809, II, 520, says that he was named on January 22, 1756.
(3) A diocesan synod held in 1786 by Scipio de' Ricci, bishop of Pistoia, in an effort to advance Jansenism.
(45) 11. SPINELLI, Ferdinando (1728-1795)
Birth. November 9, 1728, Naples. Nephew of Cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli (1735). Another cardinal of the family was Filippo Spinelli (1604).
Education. (No information found).
Early life. Entered the Roman prelature during the pontificate of Pope Benedict XIV, who destined him to the S.C. of the Tridentine Council. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber and commissary general of the army in the pontificate of Pope Clement XIII. President of the Apostolic Chamber, September 1759. Governor of Rome and vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, June 5, 1778 until February 14, 1785.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the deaconry of S. Maria in Aquiro, April 11, 1785. Legate in Ferrara, July 24, 1786. Opted for the deaconry of S. Angelo in Pescheria, August 3, 1789.
Sacred orders. Received the diaconate, March 20, 1790. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Cosmedin, November 29, 1790.
Death. December 18, 1795, Rome. Exposed in the basilica of Ss. XII Apostoli, Rome, where the funeral took place; and buried in his deaconry (1).
Bibliography. Del Re, Niccolò. Monsignor governatore di Roma. Rome : Istituto di Studi Romani Editore, 1972, p. 120; Moroni, Gaetano. Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni. 103 vols. in 53. Venezia : Tipografia Emiliana, 1840-1861, LXVIII, 292-293; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 911.
Link. His tomb in the church of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Rome, Requiem Datenbank.
(1) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Requiem Datenbank, linked above:
(46) 12. DORIA PAMPHILJ, Antonio Maria (1749-1821)
Birth. March 28, 1749, Naples. Of the noble family of the dukes of Melfi. Son of Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria Landi Pamphilj and Eleonora Carafa della Stadera. Brother of Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphilj (1785) and uncle of Cardinal Giorgio Doria Pamphilj (1816). Related to Pope Innocent X. Other cardinals of the Doria family were Girolamo Doria (1529), Giovanni Doria (1604); Sinibaldo Doria (1731); and Giorgio Doria (1743). Of the Pamphilj family were Cardinals Girolamo Pamphilj (1604); Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphilj (1644); and Benedetto Pamphilj, O.S.Io.Hieros. (1681).
Education. Studied in Genoa with private tutors until the transfer of the family to Rome in May 1761; Jesuit Collegio de' Nobili, Rome, 1761-1767; Somaschian Collegio Clementino, Rome, May 1767-1768; La Sapienza University, Rome (doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, July 15, 1769).
Early life. Entered the Roman prelature as protonotary apostolic, July 27, 1769. Named cleric of the Apostolic Chamber by Pope Clement XIV. President of the Grascia, 1778. Prefect of the Papal Chamber, 1780.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 14, 1785, with dispensation for having a brother in the Sacred College of Cardinals; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the deaconry of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, April 11, 1785.
Sacred orders. Received the minor orders on May 8, 1785; the subdiaconate on May 14, 1785; and the diaconate on May 16, 1785. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, March 30, 1789. Named protector of the Order of the Celestins before February 20, 1796. He established himself in Naples in the fall of 1797 and stayed there during the French occupation of Rome; later, in the fall of 1798, he sought refuge in Messina; and then in Trieste, Venice and Padua. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. As cardinal protodeacon, crowned Pope Pius VII on March 21, 1800 in Venice. Opted for the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata, April 2, 1800. Returned to Rome with the pope on July 3, 1800. Named prefect of the S.C. of Waters, Fountains and Channels before March 28, 1801. He was one of the fourteen cardinals expelled from Rome by the French authorities on March 23, 1808; he retired to Naples and later to Pegli with his brother Cardinal Giuseppe Maria. Transferred to Paris, he was one of the eleven red cardinals who attended the wedding of Emperor Napoléon I Bonaparte to Archduchess Maria-Louise of Austria on April 2, 1810. In the fall of 1810, he was allowed to leave Paris because of health and established himself in Genoa. After the restoration of the papal government, he returned to Rome. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, March 16, 1818 until March 29, 1819. Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica, October 10, 1819. Prefect of the S.C. of the Discipline of the Regulars, September 11, 1820.
Death. January 31, 1821, Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Vallicella, Rome, and buried in the tomb of his family in the church of S. Agnese in Agone (1), Rome.
Bibliography. Boutry, Philippe. Souverain et Pontife : recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846. Rome : École française de Rome, 2002, pp. 369-370; "Cardinali morti nel Pontificato di Nostro Signore." Notizie per l'anno 1823. Rome : G.F. Chracas, 1822, p. 57-58; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 35 and 51; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 46 and 50.
Links. Biography by M. Formica, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani; his portrait by Vincenzo Milione, Galleria Doria Pamphilj, Rome.
(1) This is according to Ritzler, Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, VI, 35; and "Cardinali morti nel Pontificato di Nostro Signore." Notizie per l'anno 1823, pp. 57-58; Boutry, Souverain et Pontife, p. 370, says that he was buried in the church of S. Maria in Allicella.
(47) 13. LIVIZZANI, Carlo (1722-1802)
Birth. November 1, 1722, Modena. Fourth of the five children of Marquis Ippolito Livizzani and Countess Teresa Forni. The other siblings were Agostino, a Jesuit; Giovanni; Paolo Camillo; and Gaspare. Nephew of Cardinal Giuseppe Livizzani (1753).
Education. Called to Rome by his uncle, he studied at Collegio Nazareno.
Early life. Delivered a sermon on the Resurrection in the papal chapel before Pope Benedict XIV, April 4, 1741. Delivered a sermon on the Ascension in the papal chapel before Pope Benedict XIV, May 14, 1746. Canon of the patriarchal Liberian basilica. Chamberlain of honor di abito paonazzo. Ablegato to Lisbon to deliver the red biretta to the Cardinal José Manuel da Câmara, 1747. Prelate referendary, January 11, 1753. Relator of the S.C. of Good Government. Voter of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Grace. Cleric of the Apostolic Chamber, 1766. President of Urbino and protonotary apostolic supernumerary, 1778.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 14, 1785; received the red hat on February 17, 1785; and the deaconry of S. Adriano, April 11, 1785. Prefect of the S.C. of Waters, Bridges and Channels.
Sacred orders. Received the diaconate, May 14, 1785. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and the title of S. Silvestro in Capite, February 21, 1794.
Priesthood. Ordained, Sunday April 13, 1794, by Cardinal Ludovico Valenti, in the domestic chapel of the palace of the ordaining bishop. He was ordered to return to Modena by the French when they occupied Rome in 1798; he remained in that city until the death of Pope Pius VI in 1799, when he went to Venice for the conclave to elect the successor. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII. Returned to Rome in 1800 and welcomed Pope Pius VII to the city.
Death. July 1, 1802, Rome. Exposed and buried in his title, where the funeral took place with the participation of Pope Pius VII, who imparted the final absolution. Cardinal Giuseppe Firrao celebrated the requiem mass. In his will, he named the S.C. for the Propagation of the Faith and his relatives as his beneficiaries.
Bibliography. Bernabei, Nicola. Vita del Cardinale Giovanni Morone, vescovo di Modena e biografie dei cardinali modenesi e di Casa d'Este, dei cardinali vescovi di Modena e di quelli educati in questo Collegio di San Carlo. Modena : Tipografica Rossi, 1885, pp. 217-227; Weber, Christoph and Becker, Michael. Genealogien zur Papstgeschichte. 6 v. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1999-2002. (Päpste und Papsttum, Bd. 29, 1-6), II, 567.
Link. His engraving.
(48) 14. BELLISOMI, Carlo (1736-1808)
Birth. July 30, 1736, Pavia. Of a noble and patrician family. Son of Marquis Gaetano Annibale Bellisome and Teresa Marianna La Corcelle de Percy, from a noble French family.
Education. At a very young age, he was sent to Rome to study at Collegio Clementino; at sixteen, he had a public disputation on the Most Holy Trinity at the patriarchal Vatican basilica in the presence of Pope Benedict XIV (his arguments were so bright that the work was printed); returned to Pavia and studied at its university, where he obtained a doctorate in utroque iure, both canon and civil law, in 1756; successively, he was adscribed to the Collegio Dottorale; he then attended the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles to study diplomacy from 1757.
Early life. He went back to Rome and entered the Roman prelature as referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace, September 9, 1762.
Priesthood. Ordained, May 29, 1763. Named governor of the city of San Severino, January 4, 1765; he stayed in the post until 1775.
Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tiana, September 11, 1775. Consecrated, September 24, 1775, patriarchal Vatican basilica, Rome, by Pope Pius VI, assisted by Carlo Crivelli, titular archbishop of Patrasso, and by Giovanni Andrea Archetti, titular archbishop of Calcedonia; the pope delivered a most eloquent homily, published by the printing press of the Apostolic Chamber. Named nuncio in Cologne on September 20, 1775; he was also papal representative at the end of the establishment of the new nunciature in Münich, Bavaria; he was succeeded in the nunciature in Cologne by Bartolmeo Pacca, titular archbishop of Damietta, future cardinal.
Cardinalate. Created cardinal and reserved in pectore in the consistory of February 14, 1785. Named nuncio in Portugal, May 7, 1785. Published in the consistory of February 21, 1794; with an apostolic brief of February 25, 1794, the pope sent him the red biretta; received the red hat and the title of S. Maria della Pace, December 18, 1795. Solemn celebrations were held in Pavia on the occasion of his promotion to the cardinalate, including those of the Accademia degli Affidati with discourses and poetry, which were later published in a volume by Elia Giardini with the collaboration of Gian Paolo Dolfin, bishop of Bergamo, and Pio Bellisomi, brother of the new cardinal. Transferred to the see of Cesena, with personal title of archbishop, September 22, 1795. Participated in the conclave of 1799-1800, which elected Pope Pius VII; Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras presented the veto of Holy Roman Emperor Franz II against his election. In 1801 presided, at the request of Napoleon Bonaparte, an ecclesiastical committee that prepared the Organic Law of the Italian Clergy (1802), a legislation similar to the French Concordat of 1801. Opted for the title of S. Prassede, September 18, 1807; he was absent from Rome and was represented by Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphilj through a brief to His Holiness, dated September 15, 1807. He was protector of the Terra di Montefiore.
Death. August 9, 1808, Cesena. Exposed and buried in the cathedral of Cesena.
Bibliography. Camilles, Mario di. "Carlo Bellisomi, porpore fulgente." L'Osservatore Romano [electronic resource]. Città del Vaticano : L'Osservatore Romano, XCVIII, n. 157 (July 9, 1958), p. 2; Karttunen, Liisi. Les nonciatures apostoliques permanentes de 1650 à 1800. Genève : E. Chaulmontet, 1912, p. 233; Notizie per l'anno 1806. In Roma MDCCCVI : Nella Stamperia Cracas, p. 23; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VI (1730-1799). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, pp. 37, 46, 138 and 423; Ritzler, Remigium, and Pirminum Sefrin. Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recientoris Aevi. Volumen VII (1800-1846). Patavii : Typis et Sumptibus Domus Editorialis "Il Messaggero di S. Antonio" apud Basilicam S. Antonii, 1968, p. 44; Weber, Christoph. Legati e governatori dello Stato Pontificio : 1550-1809. Roma : Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, 1994. (Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato. Sussidi; 7), pp. 382 and 483; Weber, Christoph. Die päpstlichen Referendare 1566-1809 : Chronologie und Prosopographie. 3 vols. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 2003-2004. (Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31/1, 31/2, 31/3; Variation: Päpste und Papsttum ; Bd. 31), II, 444.
Link. Biography by G. Pignatelli, in Italian, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani.
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