Birth. March 1, 1819, Nantes, France. Of a family of the petite noblesse of Vandée. His father was a rich physician, father of eleven children.

Education. He studied with private tutors at the château of his family next to Boussay; and then studied theology at Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris, from October 1841.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1844, in the church of Saint-Sulpice, by Denis-August Affre, archbishop of Paris. In the diocese of Nantes, pastoral ministry in a parish, 1845-1846. Sent to Rome for further studies, 1846-1849. Returned to his diocese and was named honorary canon of the cathedral chapter and was secretary to the bishop, 1849-1850; named vicar general of the diocese on August 1, 1850; he occupied the post until 1869. He dedicated himself to popular works with the faithful and diocesan missions.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Belley, December 22, 1871. Consecrated, February 11, 1872, church of the dames du Sacré-Coeur, Paris, by Joseph-Hippolyte Guibert, archbishop of Paris, assisted by Pierre de Langalerie, archbishop of Auch, and by Félix Fournier, bishop of Nantes. Promoted to the titular see of Larissa and appointed coadjutor, with right of succession, of Paris, July 5, 1875; keeping the apostolic administration of Belley. Succeeded to the metropolitan see of Paris, July 8, 1887.

Birth. April 29, 1823, Paris, France.

Education. Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 18, 1847, Paris. For twelve years professor of humanistic literature and rhetoric in Paris; rector of the Minor Seminary of Paris, 1861-1867.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Nancy et Toul, March 27, 1867. Consecrated, May 1, 1867, church of Saint-Eustache, Paris, by Charles-Martial Allemand-Lavigerie, archbishop of Algiers, assisted by Jean-Baptiste Landriot, archbishop of Reims, and by Charles Place, bishop of Marseille. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Besançon, March 30, 1882. Transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Lyon, May 26, 1887.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1889; received the red hat and the title of S. Eusebio, December 30, 1889.

Death. January 23, 1893, Lyon. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Lyon.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 301-302.

Birth. November 15, 1812, Cerisy-la-Forêt, diocese of Coutances, France.

Education. Major Seminary of Coutances, Coutances (theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 17, 1836. In diocese of Coutances, for many years, professor of rhetoric in its minor seminary; pastor of Valognes for twelve years.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Gap, September 20, 1867. Consecrated, November 10, 1867, church of Saint-Malo, Valognes, by François-Augustine Delamare, archbishop of Auch, assisted by Jean-Pierre Bravard, bishop of Coutances, and by Flavien Hugonin, bishop of Bayeux. Transferred to the see of Amiens, September 22, 1879. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Bordeaux, August 9, 1883.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1889; died before receiving the red hat and the title.

Death. August 16, 1889, Gap. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Bordeaux.

Bibliography. Chapeau, O.S.B. André and Fernand Combaluzier, C.M. Épiscopologe français des temps modernes, 1592-1973. Paris : Letouzey et Ané, 1974, p. 331-332.

Birth. July 18, 1827, Perk, near Vilvoorde, archdiocese of Mechelen, Belgium. Of a family of the bourgeoisie.

Education. Initial studies in Mechelen; studied philosophy in the Minor Seminary of Mechelen; and theology in its major seminary.

Priesthood. Ordained, December 21, 1850, Mechelen. In Mechelen, professor of the pensionate of Bruul, which prepared the students of the minor seminary, 1851-1855; vice-pastor of its cathedral; secretary of the archbishop and of the archdiocese, April 1856; honorary canon of the cathedral chapter, 1860. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, 1875. Vicar general of Mechelen, April 17, 1878. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, August 20, 1880.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Abdera and named coadjutor, with right of succession, of Namur, June 1, 1883. Consecrated, June 24, 1883, church of Notre-Dame de Hanswick, Mechelen, by Jean-Joseph Faict, bishop of Bruges, assisted by Victor Joseph Doutreloux, bishop of Liège, and by Victor Jean Joseph Marie Van den Branden de Reeth, titular bishop of Eritrea, auxiliary of Mechelen. Succeeded to the see of Namur, July 16, 1883. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Mechelen, March 24, 1884.

Birth. January 24, 1844, Prague, Bohemia. Received the sacrament of confirmation, June 10, 1859.

Education. University of Prague, Prague (law); University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck (theology); Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (doctorate in theology, 1875). Received the insignias of the clerical character, October 14, 1870; minor orders, March 25, 1872; subdiaconate, August 7, 1873; diaconate, August 10, 1873.

Priesthood. Ordained, August 12, 1873. Pastoral work in the country for four years; vice-rector of the Seminary of Prague, 1879; rector, 1882, and director of the convictus puerorum. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Ceské Budejovice, September 28, 1883. Consecrated, November 18, 1883, Prague, by Cardinal Friedrich Johannes Jacob Celestin von Schwarzenberg, archbishop of Prague. Assistant at the Pontifical Throne, December 9, 1884. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Prague, July 27, 1885.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of May 24, 1889; received the red hat and the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, December 30, 1889. Decorated with the grand cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan, 1889.

Death. June 25, 1899, Falkenau. Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Prague.

Birth. May 13, 1823, Anagni. Of a patrician family from Lazio.

Education. Initial studies in Rome; Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles, Rome, from 1842 (philoso[hy, theology and canon law; obtained a doctorate in law in 1847).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 20, 1850. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, 1851. Domestic prelate of His Holiness in 1853. Apostolic delegate in Rieti, 1854-1858. Apostolic delegate in Macerata, 1859-1860. Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, April 6, 1867; took the oath of office, January 13, 1868. In that same year, Pope Pius IX sent him to Albano to direct the charitable works in favor of the victims of the cholera epidemic; the local bishop, Cardinal Lodovico Altieri, was one of the victims. In 1882, Pope Leo XIII named him president of the special commission for the relations between the Holy See and the civil tribunals. Vice-camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, December 3, 1884.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1889; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Cesareo in Palatio, May 27, 1889.

Death. April 3, 1893, of a heart attack, in Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Maria in Via, where the funeral took place on April 7; and buried, temporarily, in the tomb of the canons of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica in Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les potificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 103-104.

Birth. January 12, 1816, Naples.

Education. Studied under the Barnabites and the Jesuits; and later at the University of Naples.

Early life. Directed the journal Liberta cattolica. He went to Rome in 1847 and became referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature of Justice and of Grace. Later, he was judge of the S.C. of the Consulta. Consultor of the S.C. of Bishops and Regularss. Regent of the Apostolic Chancery, 1877-1889. Econmous and secretary of the S.C. of the Reverend Fabric of St. Peter's, April 18, 1885 until 1889. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica.

Sacred orders. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of May 24, 1889; received the red hat and the deaconry of S. Maria in Cosmedin, May 27, 1889. Executor of the papal bull of Benedict XIV concerning the Shrine of Assisi, August 6, 1889. Prefect of the Economy of the S.C. of Propaganda Fide and general president of the Chamber of Despoilments, October 3, 1889. Secretary of Apostolic Briefs, June 25, 1894. Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Equestrian Orders.

Death. October 9, 1896, after a long illness, in Rome. Exposed in the church of S. Andrea della Valle, where the funeral took place; and buried in the chapel of the Vatican chapter, Campo Verano cemetery, Rome.

Bibliography. LeBlanc, Jean. Dictionnaire biographique des cardinaux du XIXe siècle : contribution à l'histoire du Sacré Collège sous les potificats de Pie VII, Léon XII, Pie VIII, Grégoire XVI, Pie IX et Léon XIII, 1800-1903. Montréal : Wilson & Lafleur, 2007. (Collection Gratianus. Série instruments de recherche), p. 295.

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