The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary

The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Biographical Dictionary
Gregory I the Great (590-604)
590 (I)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Laurentius.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Silvestro nelle Esquilie (Equitii) in 590. Librarian of the Holy Roman Church. Archpresbyter cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 22; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, pp. 71 and 277; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 1.

(2) 2. GIOVANNI (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Ioannes.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Gervasio e Protasio (Vestinae) in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 89; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 2.

(3) 3. SPECIO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Specioso and Specius.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Clemente al Monte Celio in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 84; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 3.

(4) 4. DEUSDEDIT (?-618)

Birth. (No date found), Rome. Son of Subdeacon Stefano. He is also listed as Deodatus, Adeodato and Adeodatus. Liber pontificalis listed him under the name of Deusdedit but later he was renamed as Adeodato to put in series with Adeodato II, who was pope from 672 to 676.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo (Pammachius or Bizantis) in 590. There was a long vacancy after the death of Pope Boniface IV due to the five month delay in obtaining the confirmation of the election by the Byzantine emperor. He was elderly when elected to the papacy and had been a priest for forty years.

Papacy. Consecrated Pope Deusdedit (or Adeodato I) on October 19, 615. He was animated by an intensely pastoral spirit, which is immortalized in his pontifical seal of lead, apparently the first in history, showing the Good Shepherd with his sheep between the Alpha and the Omega, symbols of Christ as the beginning and the end of everything. It seems that with him began the sealing of pontifical documents with this round piece of lead, like a coin or a medal, in Latin bulla, as a result of which the documents became known as "bulls." During his pontificate, there were revolutions in Ravenna between 616 and 617, when the Exarch Giovanni, and in Naples. The new exarch, Eleutherius, restored order by eliminating the rebels en masse and, according to the Liber pontificalis, was received with full honors in Rome by the pope ca. 617. Pope Desudedit transferred property, which his predecessor Pope Gregory I had given the monks, to the secular clergy. He gave permission to celebrate two masses (hic constituit secunda missa in clero), but it is unclear what the "binazione" meant: if it concerned the celebration of two masses (one in the morning and one evening) in the same church, or the celebration of two masses in two separate churches by the same priest. He instituted an evening office, parallel to matins, for the clergy. Pope Deusdedit had the reputation of being a healer, and legend attributes to him the cure of the most afflicted plague victims by the mere contact of his lips, as he heroically kissed their nauseating wounds. In his time, Rome was afflicted by an earthquake and an outbreak of scab disease, and there was a serious mutiny of the Byzantine forces in Italy, disgruntled at the failure of their pay to arrive. He ordained tweny nine bishops, fourteen priests and five deacons during his pontificate.

Death. November 8, 618, probably of the plague, Rome. Buried in St. Peter's basilica, Rome (1). He was the first pope to establish donations at his funeral as he left in his will a gratuity of silver for each member of the clergy attending it.

Sainthood. Inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, his feast is celebrated on November 8 together with that of Pope St. Nicholas I (2).

Bibliography. Arnaldi, Girolamo. "Deusdedit, santo." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, I, 582-582; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, cols. 401 and 431-434; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. XXXVII and 110; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 4; Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 69; Le Liber pontificalis. Paris : E. de Boccard, 1981, 1955. 3 v. : facsims. (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome). Notes: Reprint of the 1955 edition./ Includes indexes./ Vol. 3: "Additions et corrections de L. Duchesne publiées par Cyrille Vogel ... avec L'Histoire du Liber pontificalis dupuis l'édition de L. Duchesne une bibliographie et des tables générales, I, 319-32; Montini, Renzo Uberto. Le tombe dei papi. Roma : Angelo Belardetti, 1957. Note: At head of title: Instituto di studi romani, p. p. 118-119, no. 69; Morello, Giovanni. "Adeodato I (Desudedit), papa, santo." Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 24; Reardon, Wendy J. The deaths of the popes : comprehensive accounts, including funerals, burial places and epitaphs. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., Publishers, 2004, p. 51; Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab conditio Ecclesia. Ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1956. 2 v. Reprint. Originally published : Lipsiae : Veit et comp., 1885-1888. Original t.p. included : Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia : ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Editionem secundam correctam et auctam edidit Philippus Jaffè ; auspiciis Gulielmi Wattenbach; curaverunt S. Loewenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald, I, 222.

Links. Biography, by Leo Kelly, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English, Britannica; biography, in English, Wikipedia; biography, in English, The Lives of the Popes in the Seventh Century, The History and the Lives of the Popes; biography by Joseph Brusher, S.J., in English, Popes through the Ages; his image and biography, in English, Wikipedia; biography by Girolamo Arnaldi, in Italia, Enciclopedia dei papi, Treccani; brief biographical entry, in Italian, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Treccani; his image and biography, in Italian, Santi e Beati; very brief biographical entry by Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons; biography, in Norwegian, Den katolske kirke; his engraving, Fondazione Marco Besso, Rome; engravings, Arladica Vaticana; his engraving from "Historia B. Platinae de vitis Pontificum Romanorum", Pitts Theology Library, Digital Image Archive; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; another engraving, from the same source; another engraving, also from the same source; his effigy on a medal, Numismatic collection of Olomouc archiepiscopate, Czech Republic; and his effigy on another medal from the same source.

(1) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Montini, Le tombe dei papi, p. 118-119, no. 69:

CUR TITULATA DIU TORPUERUNT IURA SEPULCRI
ET POPULI NULLUS PERSTREPUIT GEMITUS.
SEGNITIES NON CULPA FUIT QUICUNQUE REQUIRIS
NAM DOLOR INCLAUSUS PIUS LACERARE SOLET
PANDE DOLOR GEMITUM MERITISQUE QUIESCE BEATIS
UT LIBEAT SUMMI GESTA REFERRE PATRIS.
HIC VIR AB EXORTU PETRI EST NUTRITUS OVILE.
SED MERUIT SANCTI PASTOR ADESSE GREGIS
PURA FIDES HOMINIS VOTIS MANDATA BENIGNIS
EXCUVIANS CHRISTI CANTIBUS HYMNISONIS.
SIMPLICITAS SAPIENS VIVAX SOLERTIA SIMPLEX
SERPENTINA FUIT SIMPLICITATE VIGENS.
CUMQUE QUATER DENOS COMPLERET PRESBYTER ANNOS
PERFECTUM NUMERUM TERQUE QUATERQUE GERENS
HOC TIBI PRO MERITIS SUCCESSOR HONORIVS. AMPLIS
MARMORE CONSTRUXIT MUNUS EPITAPHII.

Le Liber pontificalis, I, 320, note 7, gives the same epitaph and syas that it was composed by Pope Desudedit's second successor, Pope Honorius I.

Reardon, The deaths of the popes : comprehensive accounts, including funerals, burial places and epitaphs, p. 51, says that the epitaph recorded by Montin is actually that of Pope Boniface V.

(2) Arnaldi, "Deusdedit, santo." Enciclopedia dei papi, I, 582, says that he Bollandists (an association of scholars, philologists and historians, who since the early seventeenth century have studied hagiography and the cult of the saints in Christianity and whose most important publication is the Acta Sanctorum or The Lives of the Saints) believe that his sainthood is only a pious deduction of Cardinal Cesare Baronio, in his Annales Ecclesiastici, based on the list of merits and virtues attributed to him in his epitaph by his second successor, Pope Honorius I.

(5) 5. ANDROMACO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Andromachus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. XII Apostoli in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 103; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 5.

(6) 6. CRESCENTE (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Crescenzio and Crescens.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 49; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 6.

(7) 7. RUSTICO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Rusticus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Gabino e Susanna alle due Case in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 135; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 7.

(8) 8. VILIO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Vilius.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Marcello in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 145; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 8.

(9) 9. PIETRO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Petrus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Maria in Trastevere (Giulio e Callisto) in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 54; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 9.

(10) 10. STEFANO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Stephanus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Marco in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 114; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 10.

(11) 11. BASSO (?-before 603)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Bassus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Sisto in 590 (1).

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 78; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 11.

(1) This si according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926, p. 143, no. 11. Cristofori, Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa, p. 78, lists him and a Presbyter cardinalis Bonifacio as occupants of this title in 590; the latter was archpriest in the title of S. Sisto, not its presbyter cardinalis. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 1, 21 and Chacón, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I, 408, say that his title was Ss. Pudente e Pudenzian nel titolo Pastore.

(12) 12. PIETRO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Petrus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Balbina in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 124; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 12.

(13) 13. GIUSTO (?-before 604)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Giustino and Iustus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo in 590.

Death. Before 604, (no place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 75; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 13.

(14) 14. SPECIOSO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Speciosus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso in 590 (1).

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 139; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 14.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926, p. 143, no. 14, which adds that he may be the same as Presbyter cardinalis Specioso (500), which given the long time span of ninety years, seems odd.

(15) 15. MAURO (?-before 604)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Maurus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Aquila e Prisca in 590.

Death. Before 604, (No place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 107; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 15.

(16) 16. VITTORE (?-before 604)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Victor.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Cecilia in Trastevere in 590 (1).

Death. Before 604, (no place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 66; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 16.

(1) This is according to "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926, p. 143, no. 16. Cristofori, Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa, p. 66, omits him and lists in his place Bonifacio Goto, who actually was archpriest in that title and not a presbyter cardinalis.

(17) 17. GIOVANNI (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Ioannes.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Crisogono in Trastevere in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 92; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 17.

(18) 18. AVENZIO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Aventius, Aventino and Aventin.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Prassede in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 61; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 18.

(19) 19. FELICE (?-before 612)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Felix.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Sabina nel Monte Aventino in 590.

Death. Before 612, (no place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 127; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 19.

(20) 20. BONO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Bonus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Eusebio nelle Esquilie in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 149; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 20.

(21) 21. BASSO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Bassus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Pudente e Pudenziana (Pastore) in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 131; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 21.

(22) 22. ALBINO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Albinus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro in 590 (1).

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 121; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 22.

(1) Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 1, 21, indicates that Jacopo Laderchi in his Dissertazione sulle Basilica de' SS. Pietro, e Marellino, p. 347, says that he was the first presbyter cardinalis of this tile.

(23) 23. AVENTINO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Aventinus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme di Diocleziano in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 143; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 23.

(24) 24. FORTUNATO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Fortuno and Fortunatus..

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Quattro Coronati in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 152; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 24.

(25) 25. ANDROMACO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Andromachus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of the title of S. Pietro in Vincoli (Eudoxiae ad Vincula) in 590 (1).

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 408; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 99; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 25.

(1) This very ancient title, mentioned in the pontificate of Pope Symmachus ca. 490, was erected in the church that Empress Eudoxie built after the death of her husband Arcadius. She died in 404. Since the church had in its treasury the chains of St. Peter, it took the name of S. Pietro in Vincoli. The church was consecrated again by Pope Pelagius I in 555. The title still exists.

(26) 26. GIOVINO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Gioviano.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Presbyter cardinalis of an unknown title in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 265; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 33.

(27) 27. SABINIANO (?-606)

Birth. (No date found), Blera, a small agricultural area, in Tuscia. Son of Bono.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Deacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590. Apocrisiarius in Constantinople around 593 until 597. While in that city, Patriarch Johannes, had assumed the title of "ecumenical" in open defiance of the Roman pontiff. Deacon Sabinianus did not act with firmness when condemning the patriarch, failing to fulfil the directives given him by the pope, who had warned him of the schismatic danger of such an attitude; the pontiff scolded him for his weakness and recalled him to Rome since obviously they did not have the same views. At the death of Pope Gregory I in march 604, Deacon cardinalis Sabiniano was elected to the papacy but his consecration had to wait for six months because of the delay of imperial approval from the court of Byzantium.

Papacy. Consecrated Pope Sabinianus on September 13, 604. He gave the secular clergy the posts that Pope Gregory I had entrusted to monks. While the famine that affected Rome intensified, Pope Sabinianus opened the granaries of the Church to give food to the people, but made them pay for it. The measure was hated by the people and the reaction to such a decision was violent and understandable. Paolo the Deacon, in his "Life of St. Gregory", relates that a delegation called upon the pope to protest mentioning that his predecessor, Pope Gregory I, had fed his flock for free and asked Pope Sabinianus if he was going to let them die of hunger. Irritated, the pontiff retorted that Pope Gregory I, although praised and reputed as a benefactor, would have starved the entire world. The reply showed a jealous man, envious of the love which the people still had for his predecessor, and of the person who had scolded him and removed him from the prestigious position of apocrisiarius. Pope Sabinianus came to hate Gregory the Great, and when the complaints against him were repeated, he went beyond justifying himself, accusing that pope, considered by the people a saint, of having wasted the assets of the Church. He even tried to discredit his memory, according to the Roman Deacon Giovanni, by ordering the destruction of some of his writings (1). During his pontificate, he ordained twenty six bishops for different sees.

Death.February 22, 606, probably violently, victim of a popular uprising, in Rome. He was so unpopular because of the corn that the procession with his body to St. Peter's basilica had to follow a secret route leaving the Lateran patriarchium and making a wide detour around the city through portam sancti Iohannis and then to pontem Molvium to avoid the Roman mob, who might have thrown his body into the Tiber river. Buried on the same of his death under the pavement of the atrium of St. Peter's basilica, Rome (2). His tomb was destroyed during the demolition of the old basilica and the construction of the new one in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 21-22; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, cols. 418 and 419-422; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. XXXVII and 283; Del Re, Niccolò. "Sabiniano, papa." Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 909; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 142, no. 26; Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 68; Le Liber pontificalis. Paris : E. de Boccard, 1981, 1955. 3 v. : facsims. (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome). Notes: Reprint of the 1955 edition./ Includes indexes./ Vol. 3: "Additions et corrections de L. Duchesne publiées par Cyrille Vogel ... avec L'Histoire du Liber pontificalis dupuis l'édition de L. Duchesne une bibliographie et des tables générales, I, 345; Montini, Renzo Uberto. Le tombe dei papi. Roma : Angelo Belardetti, 1957. Note: At head of title: Instituto di studi romani, p. 114-115, no. 65; Reardon, Wendy J. The deaths of the popes : comprehensive accounts, including funerals, burial places and epitaphs. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., Publishers, 2004, p. 48; Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab conditio Ecclesia. Ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1956. 2 v. Reprint. Originally published : Lipsiae : Veit et comp., 1885-1888. Original t.p. included : Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia : ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Editionem secundam correctam et auctam edidit Philippus Jaffè ; auspiciis Gulielmi Wattenbach; curaverunt S. Loewenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald, I, 220; Sennis, Antonio. "Sabiniano." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, I, 574-577.

Links. Biography by Horace Mann, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English, Britannica; his image and biography, in English, Wikipedia; biography, in English, The Lives of the Popes in the Sevent Century, The History and the Lives of the Popes; biography by Jpseh Brusher, S.J., in English, Popes thorugh the Ages; biography by Antonio Sennis, in Italian, Enciclopedia dei papi, Treccani; very brief biographical entry, in Italia, Dizionario biografico degli italiani; his image and rief biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; his image and biography by Antonio Borrelli, in Italian, Santi e Beati; biography by Erich Kettenhofen, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons; his engraving, Fondazione Marco Besso, Rome; his engraving, Fondazione Marco Besso, Rome; another engraving, from the same source; his engraving, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; engravings, Araldica Vaticana; his engraving from "Historia B. Platinae de vitis Pontificum Romanorum", Pitts Theology Library, Digital Image Archive; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; another engraving, from the same source; another engraving, also from the same source; and his effigy on a medal, Numismatic collection of Olomouc archiepiscopate, Czech Republic.

(1) A legend says that the spirit of Pope Gregory I appeared to Pope Sabinianus in a dream, scolding him gently for his behavior. The vision is supposed to have been repeated on two other nights, but Pope Sabinianus apparently did not change his behavior. So on the fourth night, Pope Gregory I appeared more severe and decisive, and struck him oh the head with his staff: Some days later, Pope Sabinianus expired amidst horrible pains.
(2) This the text of his epitaph, taken from Le Liber pontificalis, I, 315, note 5:

Saeva, vorax, nil posse tuas, mors, aspice vires,
vivit in aeternum queta perernisse putas.
Nam boria distribuens qui nil migrando reliquit
per te post missas ire videtar opes.
Hic primato subita non sumpsit laude coronare
sed gradirus meruit crescere sanctus homo ;
atque horninum vitium blando sermone removit,
nec iudex culpis, sed medicina fuit.
Praisule quo nullum turbavit bellicus horror
sacra nec angelici vulneris ira fait ;
queto famis ira dapes, queto nudus sensit amictum ;
vincebat lacrimis omnia dira suis.

[Hic requiescit Sabi]NIANV[s papa qui sedit ann. I mens V dies VIIll. Deposiitus Vlll kal. mart. p. c. d. n.] FOCAE A[ug. ann. III].

(28) 28. ANATOLIO (?-before November 602)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Anatolius.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Deacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590. He replaced Deacon cardinalis Sabiniano as apocrisiarius in Constantinople in 597 and died before Byzantine Emperor Maurice was dethroned and executed in November 602.

Death. Before November 602, Constantinople. Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 22; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 418; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 283; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 27.

(29) 29. BONIFACIO (?-607)

Birth. (No date found), Rome. Of a Greek family. Son of Giovanni Cataadioce or Catodiocus. He is also listed as Bonifacius, Bonifacio Cataadioce, Bonifacio Catadicci and Bonifacio Catodioci.

Education. He was a monk of the monastery of S. Sebastiano, Rome.

Early life. A friend of Pope Gregory I who had entrusted him several delicate diplomatic missions in Antioch, Corinth, and Corsica.

Cardinalate. Deacon cardinalis of Holy Roman Church in 590. Apocrisiarius before Emperor Phocas in Constantinople. Pope Gregory I sent he emperor a very encomiastic letter of credential concerning Deacon Bonifacio. He was elected to the papacy shortly after the death of Pope Sabinianus on February 22, 606 but the confirmation by the Byzantine emperor was delayed almost a year in spite of the fact that he was known and appreciated in the imperial court.It is also possible that the election had been marked by canvassing and rivalries between the pro- and anti-Gregorian factions. This would explain the long vacancy better than delay, of which there is no evidence, in obtaining the necessary imperial confirmation.

Papacy. Consecrated Pope Boniface III on February 19, 607. The new pope obtained from Emperor Phocas an edict in which, according to the Liber pontificalis, it was declared that the see of the Apostle Peter was the first of all the churches (caput omnium ecclesiarum) and any claim of primacy on the part of the see of Constantinople was without foundation. This edict was issued mostly because the emperor was in an open conflict with the Patriarch Cyriacus of Constantinople and wanted to discredit him with Rome. Furthermore, as Emperor Phocas, a tyrant, was detested in Byzantium, he was attempting to make himself well accepted by Rome. To mark the issuing of the edict, a gilded statue of Emperor Phocas, with an adulatory dedication, was erected in Rome. The emperor also ended the policy of tolerance of Emperor Justinian I concerning the schism in Venetia-Istria caused by the Three Chapters controversy, and gave instructions to Exarch Smaragdus of Ravenna to take energetic measures against its followers. Pope Boniface III celebrated a council in Rome with the attendance of seventy-seven bishops. He issued a decree hat prohibited, under pain of excommunication, all discussion of a successor to a pope or bishop during his lifetime and until three days after his death. The records of the council have been lost. During his pontificate of almost ten months, he ordained twenty one bishops for different see.

Death. November 10, 607, Rome. Buried in St. Peter's basilica, Rome (1). His tomb was destroyed during the demolition of the old basilica and the construction of the new one in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Bibliography. Bertolini, Paolo. "Bonifacio III." Enciclopedia dei papi. 3 vols. Roma : Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 2000, I, 577-579; Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 19-20; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, cols. 418 and 423-426; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. XXXVII and 283; De Angelis, Maria Antonietta. "Bonifacio III, papa." Mondo vaticano. Passato e presente. Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995, p. 151; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 28; Kelly, John Norman Davidson. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 68-69; Le Liber pontificalis. Paris : E. de Boccard, 1981, 1955. 3 v. : facsims. (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome). Notes: Reprint of the 1955 edition./ Includes indexes./ Vol. 3: "Additions et corrections de L. Duchesne publiées par Cyrille Vogel ... avec L'Histoire du Liber pontificalis dupuis l'édition de L. Duchesne une bibliographie et des tables générales, I, 316; Montini, Renzo Uberto. Le tombe dei papi. Roma : Angelo Belardetti, 1957. Note: At head of title: Instituto di studi romani, p. 115, no. 66; Reardon, Wendy J. The deaths of the popes : comprehensive accounts, including funerals, burial places and epitaphs. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., Publishers, 2004, p. 48-49; Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab conditio Ecclesia. Ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1956. 2 v. Reprint. Originally published : Lipsiae : Veit et comp., 1885-1888. Original t.p. included : Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia : ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Editionem secundam correctam et auctam edidit Philippus Jaffè ; auspiciis Gulielmi Wattenbach; curaverunt S. Loewenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald, I, 220.

Links. Biography by Thomas Oestereich, in English, The Catholic Encyclopedia; biography, in English Britannica; his image and biography, in English, Wikipedia; biography, in English, The Lives of the Popes in the Seventh century, The History and the Lives of the Popes; biography by Joseph Brusher, S.J., in English, Popes trhough the Ages; brief biographical entry, in Italian, Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Treccani; biograohy by Paolo Bertolini, in Italian, Enciclopedia dei papai, Treccani; his image and biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; biographical entry, in German, Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons; his engraving, Fondazione Marco Besso, Rome; his engraving, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, Biblioteca comunale dell'Archiginnasio, Bologna; his engraving, from " Historia B. Platinae de vitis Pontificum Romanorum", Pitts Theology Library, Digital Image Archive; engravings, Arladica Vaticana; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; his engraving, Bildarchiv Austria. Die Bildplattform der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek; another engraving, from the same source; another engraving, also from the same source; and his effigy on a medal, Numismatic collection of Olomouc archiepiscopate, Czech Republic.

(1) This is the text of his epitaph, taken from Le Liber pontificalis, I, 316, note 3:

Postquam, mors, Christi pro nobis morte peristi
in Domini famulos nil libi iuris erit.
Pone trucem rubiem, non est saevire potestas;
aut quid vieta furis non nocitura piis?
Hoc siquidem melius dimisso vivitur orbis
cum tamen ut vivat hic sibi quisque facit.
Hoc sita sunt papae Bonifati membra sepulehro,
pontificale saerum qui bene gessit opus,
iustitiae custos, rectus patiensque, benignus,
cultus in eloquiis et pietate placens.
Flete ergo mecum pastoris funera, cuncti
quos taedet citius his caruisse bonis.
Hic requievit Bonefatius qui sedit menses VII dies XXII. Depositus pridie idus nov., imperante dom(no) n(ostro) Foca p(er)p(etuo) Aug(usto) anno VI, indict(ione) XI.

(30) 30. ONORATO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Honorato and Honoratus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Archdeacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590. He replaced Archdeacon cardinalis Lorenzo, who was deprived of his rank by Pope Grgeory I in 591, and succeeded him as apocrisiarius in Constantinople.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 22; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 418; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 283; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 30.

(31) 31. PIETRO, O.S.B. (?-605/606)

Birth. Rome, (no date found). Of a patrician family. He is also listed as Petrus.

Education. Entered the Order of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) at the monastery of S. Andrea nel Montecelio in 562, after having distributed his rich patrimony to the poor. He possessed a great eloquence and doctrine.

Cardinalate. Deacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590 (1). Pope Grgeory I charged him with preaching the divine word in the Church of Romegiven his great abilty for such ministry. After the death of that pontiff, he was a fierce defender of his fame and writings, which his successor Pope Sabinianus attacked and ordered destoyed.

Death. March 12, 605 (or 606), (no place found). Buried near the foundation of an ancient tower at an unknown place (2).

Sainthood. The Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum, tome 2, p. 211, March 9 to 18, include Pietro Diacono, to whom the glory of miracles are attributed as well as the solemn apotheosis after his death (3).

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 23-24; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 418-419; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 283; Eggs, Georgius Josephus. Purpura docta, seu, Vit Vitæ, legationes, res gest Vitæ, obitus, aliaque scitu, ac memoratu digna, &c. S.R.E. Cardinalium. Six books in three vols. Farnborough, Hants., England : Gregg International, 1970. Originally published : Francofurti : Prostant & veneunt apud Joannem Georgium König, 1714), I, 5-6; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 31.

(1) "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926, p. 143, no. 31, says that some sources contest his cardinalate. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 1, 23, indicates that one of them was Cardinal Cesare Baronio in his Annales ecclesiastici, who indicates that he was a familiar of Pope Gregory I, like many others, but that does not mean that he was a cardinalis; and another one was Agostino Oldoino in his addition to Chacón's, Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium, I col. 419.
(2) Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 1, 23, says, writing in 1792, that although the modern critics consider it a fable, Eggs in his Purpura docta, I, 5-6, accepted as valid the story that Pope Sabinianus, jealous of the fame of Pope Gregory I, wanted to publicly burn his writings and that at the instigation of the pope, the common people claimed for it too. Deacon cardinalis Pietro zealously opposed the pope's design and swore to the congregated multitude that he had seen the Holy Spirit in the form of a white dove over the head of Pope Gregory I while he was writing his books. Deacon Pietro added that as soon as the pope had died, his words had been accepted as truthful and, therefore, they should not be burned. The deacon cardinalis that he himself would put his hand in the fire to prove the truthfulness of his words. The multitude accepted his promise and the deacon ascended to the pulpit and with his hand on the Gospel affirmed that the writings of Pope Gregory I were full of heavenly wisdom, and having done this, he expired serenely on March 12, 605, the day of the anniversary of the death of that pope. The people, surprised by the sudden death of the deacon, desisted of their design.Cardella adds that all of this is considered by the critics as a mere fable and says that in truth it is.
(3) This is according to Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, I, pt. 1, 24.

(32) 32. GORDIANO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). Of the Aniceo family. Father of Pope Gregory I. A Roman senator, he entered the ecclesiastical state with his wife's consent. He is also listed as Gordianus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Deacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590.

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cardella, Lorenzo. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Stamperia Pagliarini, 1792, I, pt. 1, 24-25; Chacón, Alfonso. Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum : et S.R.E. Cardinalium ab initio nascentis Ecclesiae usque ad Clementem IX P. O. M. Alphonsi Ciaconii Ord. Praed. & aliorum opera descriptæ : cum uberrimis notis. Ab Augustino Oldoino, Soc. Jesu recognitae, et ad quatuor tomos ingenti ubique rerum accessione productae. Additis Pontificum recentiorum imaginibus, & Cardinalium insignibus, plurimisque aeneis figuris, cum indicibus locupletissimis. Romæ : P. et A. De Rubeis, 1677, I, col. 419-420; Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 283; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 32.

(33) 33. AGAPITO (?-?)

Birth. (No date or place found). He is also listed as Agapito Rustico and as Agapetus.

Education. (No information found).

Cardinalate. Archdeacon cardinalis of the Holy Roman Church in 590 (1).

Death. (No date or place found). Buried at an unknown place.

Bibliography. Cristofori, Francesco. Cronotasi dei cardinali di Santa Romana Chiesa. Rome : Tipografia de Propaganda Fide, 1888, p. 291; "Essai de liste générale des cardinaux. Les cardinaux des 10 premiers siècles". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1926. Paris : Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1927, p. 143, no. 34.

(1) He may be the same as Agapito, presbyter cardinalis of the title of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo in 604.