Tropical Mountains

where found (tropical topography) http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~small/GTop/img/W15m.gif

why are mountains different temperature, rainfall, clouds

lapse rate (http://eo.ucar.edu/webweather/images/lapserate.gif)

orographic rainfall mechanisms http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/natsci/waipiostudy/graphics/orographic_rainfall.jpg

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/50-14-MountainsRainfall-L.gif

winter every night (diurnal temperature and humidity ranges for mountains)

temperature ranges for mountains (Fig 9.1 from text)

challenges to organisms on mountains

community zonation (Figure 9.4)

figure equivalent to fig 9.9 from text)

Figure 9.12 from text

physiognomy (Table 9.2 from text, Figure 9.10 from text)

cloud forests - water balance

paramo and alpine areas

special adaptations – giant rosette plants

productivity

diversity (Figure 9.5 from text).

soils and nutrient cycling

convergence

disturbance and climate change