PP SLIDE #1 - Value of Mangroves & Mangrove Ecosystems

shoreline protection, sediment accretion, buffer against waves

trap sediments, reduce turbidity

major source primary productivity; base coastal foodweb

habitat to marine & terrestrial organisms

nursery for commercially important species of fish & shellfish

capture effluent from terrestrial runoff; buffer for coastal waters

sink for atmospheric carbon

source of timber and wood products; charcoal

indicator organisms for coastal environments

PP SLIDE #2 - view of mangroves in Florida Everglades

http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200505/florida1.asp

PP SLIDE #3 - mangrove definition - Tomlinson

morphological specializations like lenticels, aerial roots, viviparous propagules; salt exclusion/excretion; fidelity to saline, anaerobic conditions; taxonomic isolation from terrestrial relatives; major elements (34 sp, 9 gen. 5 fam.); minor elements (20 sp, 11 gen. 11 fam.)

PP SLIDE #4: Morphological specialization, lenticels, http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/144.html

PP SLIDE #5: Mangrove lenticels; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #6: Mangrove roots

shallow prop roots avoid anoxia with lenticels; cable roots that radiate outward; bear pneumatophores

PP SLIDE #7: Prop root examples: http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/pic/w46.jpg

www3.csc.noaa.gov/rookerybay/intro/tprroots.htm

PP SLIDE #8: Cable roots of black mangrove with pneumatophores; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/pic/w28.jpg

PP SLIDE #9: Pneumatophores: http://www.ozestuaries.org/indicators/mangrove_areas.jsp

PP SLIDE #10: Brugueira knee roots; http://www.ozestuaries.org/indicators/Images/brug_mangrove.jpg

PP SLIDE # 11: Mangrove flower: http://www.in-quito.com/galapagos/button-mangrove.jpg

PP SLIDE #12: Brugueira flower - homepages.vub.ac.be/.../brug_flower.gif; Sunbirds

www.paddleasia.com/.../sunbird-spiderhunter.jpg

PP SLIDE # 13: Sonneratia flower: http://frienvis.nic.in/Bulletinwork/Bullet3.jpg

Bat Pollination: http://www.batplants.co.uk/mangdawn2b.jpg

PP SLIDE #14: Aegiceras Flower http://www.cdu.edu.au/ehs/caesl/staff/bzemits/cas_coast_res/mangroveflower.jpg

Insect Pollination

http://www.pollinatorparadise.com/Solitary_Bees/IMAGES_SB/BlueOrchardBee1.jpg

PP SLIDE #15: Mangrove definition; viviparous propagules

viviparity - embryo attached to tree

embryo is dispersed in water at maturity; obligate dispersal time need for germination

Dispersal Time: 8 d for White Mangrove, 14 d for Black Mangrove, 40 d for Red Mangrove

Root Establishment: 5 d for White Mangrove, 7 d for Black Mangrove, 15 d for Red Mangrove

Propagule Longevity: 5 d for White Mangrove, 7 d for Black Mangrove, 15 d for Red Mangrove

PP SLIDE #16: Red mangrove flower and propagule; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #17: Black mangrove flower and propagule; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #18: White mangrove flower and propagule; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #19: other morphological features of mangroves

thick waxy cuticle on leaves

leaf undersurface with hairs to trap air near surface; reflect light

stomata in crypts/pits on lower leaf surface

PP SLIDE #20: Stomata in crypts in Oleander

PP SLIDE #21: Salinity in Mangroves

salt excluders separate fresh from sea water by ultra-filtration

salt excluders also exclude sulfide leading to elevated pore water sulfide

salt excreters have salt glands on the leaf surface that excrete excess salt; energy-demanding process; high sap concentrations

most species use a mix of strategies

PP SLIDE #22: Salt excretion; http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #23: Distribution of Mangroves: http://www.coconutstudio.com/Mangroves_files/mangrove_map_imp.jpg

PP SLIDE #24: Mangroves in Papua New Guinea; http://www.port.ac.uk/media/Media,45713,en.jpg

http://www.wildernessaustralia.com.au/properties/p_images/BloomfieldRiver.jpg

PP SLIDE #25: Avicennia marina; www.casmbenvis.nic.in/images/Photo%20(6).jpg

PP SLIDE #26: Mangrove Distribution

climate, salinity, water fluctuation, terrestrial runoff, wave action & substrate composition

PP SLIDE #27: Cartoon with mangrove requirements:

www.nrc.govt.nz/.../images/mangroves_needs.jpg

PP SLIDE #28: Climate effects:

average temperature > 19 deg. C.

temperature fluctuations < 10 deg. C.

short exposure to frost

low temperature stress expressed as:

decreased structural complexity

decreased tree height

decreased leaf area index

decreased leaf size

increased density

PP SLIDE #29: Effects of Hurricane Andrew

http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/mang_hurr_lightning/images/gapx.jpg

PP SLIDE #30: Salinity Effects:

mangroves are facultative halophytes; salt water not requisite for growth

stable isotope studies show that mangroves use water according to availability in environment

mangroves do not develop in wholly fresh water situations; poor competitors

PP SLIDE #31: Water Fluctuations

tidal action carries propagules into upper estuary

transport nutrients and fresh water while flushing out hydrogen sulfide and salts from pore water

mangroves reach greatest extent in low-lying areas with large tidal ranges

PP SLIDE #32: Terrestrial Runoff

mangroves tallest with largest biomass where they intercept nutrients (N & P) from terrestrial sources

seasonal runoff of freshwater (e.g., Everglades) is a subsidy to the system

PP SLIDE #33:

mangroves do best in depositional environment with low wave energy

high waves prevent propagule establishment

high waves destroy shallow root systems

high waves prevent sediment accumulation

PP SLIDE #34: Mekong Delta Photos:

http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/6090/Mekong.A2003239.0330.1km.jpg

www.haivenu-vietnam.com/.../mekong-delta2.jpg

http://www.landell-mills.com/images/centre_bars/natural/naturala_r2_c2.jpg

PP SLIDE #35: Salinity Zonation in Mangroves:

http://www.mangreen.org/mangroves/mangroves.html

PP SLIDE #36: Mangrove Zonation in Florida; http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/mangrov.html

PP SLIDE #37: Lightning: http://www.bigfoto.com/themes/nature/sky/lightning-2a7z.jpg

PP SLIDE #38: Gap in Mangrove: http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/stephens-lab/lightning%20gap%20regeneration.jpg

PP SLIDE #39: Riverine & Fringing Forests: http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #40: Basin & Hammock Forests: http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #41: Overwash Forest & Scrub Forest: http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/

PP SLIDE #42: Florida Mangrove Species. http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/