Bring book
Notice key concepts, pg. 816

Chapter 38

Terms from other chapters: Heterotrophs; primary induction; Parietal peritoneum; Visceral peritoneum, Chitin, Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula, 

OBJECTIVES




Understand how the animals are organized and how this organization is different from that of plants, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes.
Compare and contrast sponges and eumetazoans.
Compare and contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion.
Compare bilateral symmetry to redial symmetry and know their evolutionary significance.
Differentiate among acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate organisms; indicate how they are evolutionarily related and give examples of each.
Understand the advantages of segmentation; know examples and significance of segmentation in each of the coelomate phyla.
Explain the significance of jointed appendages and know which phyla show this characteristic.
Compare the arthropod exoskeleton to the chordate endoskeleton.
Distinguish between protostome and deuterostome animals.
Know the key characteristics of the chordates and the more specialized vertebrates.
Explain the significance of the evolution of terrestrial existence and the amniotic egg.

THE GREAT DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS RESULTS FROM A LONG EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY




Key Evolutionary Innovations Have Occurred in the Animals

Body Plan Results from Gene Programmed Development

SOME GENERAL FEATURES OF ANIMALS

	All Animals Are Heterotrophs
		
	All Animals Are Multicellular
				
		
		Animals Constructed in a Common Manner
			 
			Most reproduce sexually
				 
			Zygote becomes an adult through process of embryonic development
				
		Details differ from one phylum to another, but provide clues regarding 
			their evolutionary relationships

ANIMALS WITHOUT TISSUES: SPONGES

	Sponges Are the Simplest of Animals
		
		General Biology of Sponges
			
	KEY CONCEPTS

ADVENT OF TISSUE LEADS TO GREATER SPECIALIZATION:  CNIDARIANS

	Animals Other than Sponges are Eumetazoans ("True Animals")
		
	Most Primitive Eumetazoans Are Radially Symmetrical
		
	General Biology of Cnidarians
		
		Evolutionary innovation:  extracellular digestion of food
			
		Protostomes

	KEY CONCEPTS

BILATERAL SYMMETRY: SOLID WORMS (FLAT WORMS, MOSTLY)

	Comparison of Bilateral Symmetry to Radial Symmetry	fig 38.6
	
	Flatworms	
		Simplest Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Are the Solid Worms
		Largest phylum is Platyhelminthes	fig 38.8
		Simplest phylum in which organs occur
			
		General biology of Solid Worms
			
	KEY CONCEPTS

THE ADVENT OF A BODY CAVITY: ROUNDWORMS

	All Other Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Possess a Body Cavity	fig 38.10
		
	Pseudocoelomate Animals	fig 38.9
			
KEY CONCEPTS

BUILDING A BETTER BODY CAVITY: MOLLUSKS

	Coelomates Constitute the Bulk of the Animal Kingdom
		
	Success of Coelomate Body Cavity Stems from Embryonic Development
		
		Architecture of the coelomate animal
			
		Three classes:  Gastropods (snails, slugs, nudibranchs); Bivalves (clams, oysters, conchs); 
			Cephalopods (octopus, and squid).

KEY CONCEPTS

THE RISE OF SEGMENTATION: ANNELIDS

	Early Innovation in Coelomates Was Segmentation
		
	Annelid Worms	fig 38.15
		1.  Repeated segments
				
		2.  Specialized segments
			
		3.  Connections
				
	Segmentation in Other Coelomates
		
KEY CONCEPTS

INVENTION OF JOINTED APPENDAGES: ARTHROPODS

	Jointed Appendages Characteristic of the Most Successful Animal Phylum	fig 38.16
	
	Exoskeleton is a Limitation of the Arthropods

REDESIGNING THE EMBRYO: ECHINODERMS

	Deuterostomes
			

	Fundamental Differences Between Deuterostomes and Protostomes
		

	Echinoderms Were the First Deuterostomes	fig 38.19

	
IMPROVING THE SKELETON:  CHORDATES

	Chordates Employ a Truly Internal Endoskeleton	fig 38.21
	
	Three features characterize chordates

	Chordate Body Plan

	Vertebrates Are Specialized Group of Chordates

This page was created and is maintained by Thomas Pitzer

FIU Biology homepage.